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The institutions of society have shaped both history and its study. Religious institutions, practices, and beliefs, have a significant and often unrecognized importance. Government has been influential, and economics has also. Educational is particulary important. Families are important, but not well studied. |
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These are also applied to other divisions of history. Prehistory can be examined only with difficulty. Antiquity, classical and medieval history, modern history, and the future all make use of institutions.
Religion has often been (and still is) neglected in primarily political, secular treatments of history. This appears to be a serious omission, because it is such an important part of nearly all human societies. Religion appears to have existed in prehistory, and many religions offer accounts of events which would have occurred in prehistory. It was prominent in antiquity and in classical and medieval times. It remains important in modern times, and can be expected to be important in the future.
Particular religions can be applied to the study of prehistory, antiquity, classical and medieval, and modern times.
Abrahamic religion has had a major influence on world history. It has had an influence on the study of prehistory. Its early roots can be traced to antiquity, though it was not particularly influential at the time. It expanded substantially in classical and medieval times, and is still important in modern times.
Christianity has a heavy infuence on the study of prehistory and antiquity, although it has had a greater and more direct influence since its origin in classical and medieval times and in modern times. Primitive Christianity had little direct influence since its origins in classical and medieval times, and did not survive them. Catholicism had a much greater impact on the study of prehistory and antiquity, and a strong influence in classical and medieval times, and in modern times. Orthodoxy has also had an influence on the study of prehistory and antiquity, but a signigicantly greater influence since its origin in classical and medieval times. It continues to have influence in modern times. Protestantism has also had an influence on the study of prehistory, antiquity, and classical and medieval times, and a significant influence on modern times. Mormonism offers alternate perspectives on prehistory, antiquity, and classical and medieval times, in spite of its modern origins.
Islam including Sunni and Shi'ite branches has had a major influence and offers various perspectives on prehistory and antiquity. It became influential in classical and medieval times and remains so in modern times.
Judaism has had an important influence on the study of prehistory. It is useful in the examination of antiquity and classical and medieval times, and in study of modern history.
Secularism has obscure origins, but has roots in antiquity, and grew more influential in classical and medieval history. It has been more notable and open in modern times.
Asiatic religion has had little influence in the study of prehistory, though it may have prehistoric roots. It is useful in the examination of antiquity, and has developed substantially in classical and medieval and modern times.
Indian religions may have some influence on the study of prehistory. They have been influential since antiquity and have had significant influence in classical and medieval and modern times. Hinduism has some influence on the study of prehistory, but seems to have originated in antiquity. It has had substantial influence in India in classical and medieval and modern times. Jainism seems to have originated in classical and medieval times and has had influence in modern times. Buddhism originated in late antiquity or early classical and medieval times, and has had substantial influence through much of Asia in modern times. Sikhism seems to have originated in classical and medieval times, and has been important in India in modern times.
Oriental religions have limited influence in the study of prehistory, but may have originated in antiquity. They became more prominent in classical and medieval times and in modern times. Confucianism may have originated in antiquity. It became prominent in classical and medieval times and is also prominet in modern times. Taoism may have originated in antiquity. It seems to have become important in classical and modern times, and remains important in modern times. Shinto seems to have originated in antiquity, and became important in classical and medieval times and in modern times.
Persian religions seems to have originated in antiquity, and been influential in classical and medieval times, but it had seriously declined by modern times. Zoroastrianism was influential in antiquity and part of classical and medieval times, but has nearly disappeared in modern times. Manicheanism was influential in classical and medieval times, but has had little modern influence. Mithraism was inportant in classical and medieval times, but has had little modern influence.
Pagan religion dominated the world's history in prehistory, antiquity, and much of classical and medieval history. It has been less significant in modern times. European pagan religion is not well known from prehistory, but was influential in antiquity. It was best described in classical and medieval times, but began to be displaced by Christianity. It was abandoned almost entirely by modern times. Asian pagan religion is not well known in prehistory, but was highly influential in antiquity. It began to be displaced in classical and medieval times, and remnants of it survive in many places. African pagan religion is not well known in prehistory, antiquity, or classical and medieval times. It has remained significant in modern times. American Indian religion is not well known in prehistory, antiquity, or classical and medieval times. It is known during modern times.
Religious organization including unstructured organization, fragmented organization, and highly structured organization is not often well considered. It has had various degrees of influence in prehistory, antiquity, classical and medeival times, and modern times.
Religous practice is difficult to identify in prehistory. More is known of it in antiquity, classical and medieval times, and modern times.
Religious belief is difficult to identify in prehistory. More of it is known in antiquity, classical and medieval times, and modern times.
This has been traditionally considered the most important aspect of history. Most history has concentrated on nations, rulers, and warfare, and these are still an important component of it. Government is difficult to examine in prehistoric periods. More evidence is available from antiquity, and yet more in classical and medieval times. It is most easily examined from modern times.
Particular governments are difficult to identify in prehistory. They can be more easily identified in antiquity and classical and medieval times, and most easily in modern times. They have traditionally been a large and important focus of history.
International governments are unknown in prehistory and barely present in antiquity. They became more important in classical and medieval times and have become significant in modern times. Traditional empires seem to have originated in antiquity and developed in classical and medieval times. They survived into modern times, but are now extinct. Colonial empires seem to have originated late in classical and medieval times, and flourished in modern times. Modern compacts are a product of modern times. Temporary associations are known in modern times. Special-purpose associations are known in modern times. Regional associations are known in modern times. These include groups such as the EU, which is modern, and NATO, which is modern. Two organizations with claims to be world governments are modern. These are the League of Nations and its successor the United Nations.
National governments have been been significant through antiquity, classical and medieval times, and modern times.
Local governments have been important since prehistory, through antiquity, classical and medieval times, and modern times.
Government activity is difficult to identify in prehistory, but has been important since antiquity and in classical and medieval and modern times.
State relations have been significant in antiquity, classical and medieval times, and modern times. Warfare has been significant in prehistory, classical and medieval times, and modern times. Diplomacy has been important in antiquity, classical and medieval times, and modern times. Espionage has been important in antiquity, classical and medieval times, and modern times.
Administration has been prominent in antiquity, in classical and medieval times, and modern times.
Succession has been a feature of government activity in antiquity, classical and medieval times, and modern times. Inheritance has been a primary method of succession. Appointment has also been used. seizure has been a common method. Election has been used less often.
Government structure can be applied to the examination of antiquity, classical and medieval, and modern times. Forms of government have changed significantly in antiquity, classical and medieval, and modern times. Heads of government such as rulers can be identified in antiquity, classical and medieval, and modern times. Executive systems can be applied to antiquity, classical and medieval, ahd modern times. Legislative systems can be applied to antiquity, classical and medieval times, and modern times. Judicial systems can be applied to antiquity, classical and medieval times, and modern times. Political parties and interest groups can be examined and applied to antiquity, classical and medieval, and modern times.
Law can be applied to the examination of prehistory, antiquity, classical and medieval, and modern times. International law has become important only in modern times. Western law may date from antiquity, but has become important in classical and medieval and modern times. Asiatic law is not often considered explicitly, but dates from antiquity and can be connected to classical and medieval and modern times. Tribal law has been important since prehistory, and can be applied to the examination of antiquity, classical and medieval, and modern times.
Economics can be applied to the study of prehistory, antiquity, classical and medieval history, modern history, and the future.
Economic systems can be applied to some extent in prehistory, history, classical and medieval history, and modern history. These are often overlooked in pimarily government-centered history. System behavior can be considered in prehistory, antiquity, classical and medieval history, and modern history. Types of systems can be applied to prehistory, antiquity, classical and medieval times, and modern times. Networks can be applied to prehistory, antiquity, classical and medieval times, and modern times. Firms are difficult to apply to prehistory, antiquity, and classical and medieval times because modern forms of business or economic organization are difficult to project back into earlier times.
Industries can be considered in prehistory, antiquity, classical and medieval times, and modern times. Particular companies such as Total, GM, Conoco Philips, Daimler, General Electric can be categorized into various industries. Communication, social and medical services, building, and agriculture are all important. Commercial and financial services engaged in by companies such as Wal-Mart and ING Group are significant. Transportation industries engaged in by companies such as Toyota Motor are significant. Extraction and Manufacturing industries such as Exxon-Mobil, Royal Dutch Shell, BP, and Chevron are useful.
Economic activities can be applied to prehistory, antiquity, classical and medieval times, and modern times. Distribution and trade can be applied to prehistory, antiquity, classical and medieval times, and modern times. Consumption can be applied to prehistory, antiquity, classical and medieval times, and modern times. Production can be applied to prehistory, antiquity, classical and medieval times, and modern times.
Education can be applied to prehistory, antiquity, classical and medieval history, and modern history.
Schools can be applied to the examination of prehistory, antiquity, classical and medieval history, and modern history. Higher education can be aplied to prehistory, antiquity, classical and medieval history, and modern history. Harvard University, the University of Cambridge, and Stanford University. Secondary education can be connected to prehistory, antiquity, classical and medieval history, and modern history. Primary education can be applied to prehistory, antiquity, classical and medieval history, and modern history.
Educational organization can be applied to prehistory, antiquity, classical and medieval history, and modern history. Administration can be applied to prehistory, antiquity, classsical and medieval history, and modern history. Faculty can be applied to prehistory, antiquity, classical and medieval history, and modern history. Students can be considered in connection with prehistory, antiquity, and classical and medieval history. Curriculum can be considered in connection with prehistory, antiquity, and classical and medieval history.
Cultural institutions can be applied to prehistory, antiquity, classical and medieval history, and modern history. Performance venues such as arenas or auditoriums do not seem to be highly significant to prehistory, antiquity, classical and medieval, and modern history. Libraries, however, are vital to the study of prehistory, antiquity, classical and medieval history, and modern history.Museums are also vital to the study of prehistory, antiquity, classical and medieval history, and modern history.
Teaching of compiled knowledge is vital and can be applied to prehistory, antiquity, classical and medieval history, and modern history.
At the foundation of historical education is research and writing. Different techniques and different source materials are used in different periods of history including prehistory, antiquity, classical and medieval history, and modern history.
Families have some use in prehistory and a little more in antiquity. They are helpful in classical and medieval history, and are important in modern history. Particular families are of little use in studies of prehistory, a little more in antiquity, more in classical and medieval history, and most in modern history. Kinship and ancestry has limited use in prehistory, a little more in antiquity, more in classical and medieval history, and most in modern history. Parenting can be applied to studies of prehistory, antiquity, classical and medieval history,and modern history. Marriage can also be applied in studies of prehistory, antiquity, classical and medieval history, and modern history.