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The late medieval period can be examined using peoples of the world, communities, and social structure and change. |
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This can be applied to the 11th century CE, 12th century CE, 13th century CE, 14th century CE, and 15th century CE.
Nations and the major subdivisions of Western Civilization, Asiatic peoples, African peoples, and American Indian peoples can be used to examine events of the 11th century CE, 12th century CE, 13th century CE, 14th century CE, and 15th century CE.
Nations can be connected. Azerbaijan, Honduras, Switzerland, Bulgaria, Tajikistan, Israel, El Salvador, Hong Kong, Paraguay, Laos, Sierra Leone, Jordan, Libya, Papua, Togo, Nicaragua, Denmark, Slovakia, Kyrgystan, Finland, Turkmenistan, Eritrea, Norway, Georgia, United Arab Emirates, Singapore, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Croatia, Central African Republic, Moldova, Costa Rica, New Zealand, Ireland, Palestinian, Lebanon, Puerto Rico, Congo, Albania, Lithuania, Uruguay, Mauritania, Liberia, Oman, Panama, Mongolia, Armenia, Jamaica, Kuwait, Latvia, Lesotho, Kosovo, and Namibia can be examined.
Western Civilization may give some information about the 12th century cE, the 13th century CE, 14th century CE, and 15th century CE. Austria can be considered. Madrid can be considered.
Anglic peoples so far provide some information about the 15th century CE. It is so far confined to the British peoples of the UK. London can be considered. Canada can be connected.
Haiti can be considered. Paris can be considered.
Among Italic peoples, Italy was divided, and the Italian Renaissance developed.
Among French peoples, France was developing as a nation.
Among Hispanic peoples, Spain was being reconquered from the Muslims by Christians, and at the end of the period, the exploration of the New World of the Americas had begun. Cuba was reached by Hispanic explorers.
Among Lusitanic peoples, Portugal was predominant. Brazil was discovered at the very end of the period.
In Germany, the weak and unstable Holy Roman Empire was nevertheless a major influence. The Netherlands can be considered. Belgium can be considered.
Russia was invaded and conquered by the Mongols, but later regained its independence. The Mongols conquered Ukraine, but it was later part of the Polish kindom. Poland was developing an important and powerful kingdom. I do not yet have details of the Czech Republic. Belarus can be considered. The first known historical reference to Moscow was made.
I do not yet have details of Romania, Greece, Serbia, or Hungary.
Scaninavian peoples including those of Sweden will be significant.
Asiatic peoples will provide information about the 14th century CE and the 15th century CE. I have no details on Tunisia. Xian can be connected.
I know little of Syria. Riyadh can be connected. The Byzantine empire centered in Turkey was reduced by the Seljuk Turks, and finally conquered by the Ottoman Turks, becoming the center of the Ottoman Empire. Istanbul was important. In Egypt, the Islamic Mamluk dynasty was absorbed into the Ottoman Empire. Cairo became the capital of Egypt. Among Mesopotamian peoples including those of Iraq, the Abbasid Caliphate was reduced by the Seljuk Turks, and the Mongol invasions reached and sacked Baghad and finally overthrew the Abbasid Caliphate. Baghdad can be considered. Among Persian peoples, in Iran, the Seljuk Turks conquered northern Persia, but were later conquered by the Mongols. Afghanistan was also invaded by the Mongols. Tehran can be connected. I have no specific details on Arabian peoples including Saudi Arabia or Yemen. Among North African peoples, Morocco and Algeria were being islamicized, but I have no specific details.
South Asian peoples so far provide some information about the 14th century CE and the 15th century CE.
In India there were repeated invasions by Islamic rulers and successors of the Mongols, but these were not followed up. Bombay seems to have become a city. Delhi was founded as a city. Bangalore can be connected. Pakistan came under Islamic influence and was later invaded by the Mongols and Timurids. Lahore can be connected. In Bangladesh Islam entered the region. Dacca grew. I have no details for Nepal. I have no details for Sri Lanka. Ahmedabad can be connected.
Central Asian peoples including those of Kazakhstan were also influential. Peoples of Inner Asia including those of Ubzekistan were important, but I know little of them.
Oriental peoples so far provide information about the 14th century CE and the 15th century CE.
China the Sung dynasty was succeeded by a Mongol dynasty under Kublai Khan, which was in turn succeeded by the Ming Dynasty. Dongguan can be connected. North Central China can be connected. Beijing was at times the Imperial capital of China. Tientsen was founded. South Central China can be connected. Shanghai originated as a fishing village. Wuhan can be connected. Southern Coastal China can be connected. Canton was an important city. I have no details of Taiwan. Southern Interior China including Chungking amd Chengtu can be connected. In Japan, the emperors were weak and dominated by the regents, or Shogun, and by warrior clans. Tokyo was founded as a fortress called Edo. Osaka flourished as a trading port. I have no details on South Korea with its city of Seoul or for North Korea. Shenyang can be connected.
Cambodia can be connected. Rangoon can be connected. I have little information on Southeast Asian Mainland peoples. In Vietnam I have no details. In Thailand, the first of the modern Thai kingdoms was founded. I have no details on Burma. I have no details on Malaysia. I have little information on Southeast Asian Archipelagoes including peoples of Indonesia for which I have few details. I have no information on the Philippines. Jakarta developed as a trading port. Australia can be connected.
I have no information on Benin. Lagos can be connected.
I have little information. I have no information on Somalia. For Northern East Africa including Ethiopia I have little information. For Interior East Africa including Chad I have little information. Sudan can be connected. For Central East African peoples including those of Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda, and Rwanda I have little information.
In Guinea Islamic conquerers began to move in. I have no details on Southern Coastal West Africa including Nigeria or Ghana. I also lack details on peoples of Western Coastal West Africa including Cote d'Ivoire or Senegal. I have no details for Interior West Africa including Burkina Faso , Niger, and Mali.
I have little information on South Africa, Mozambique, Madagascar, Malawi, Zimbabwe, Zambia, or Burundi.
I have little information on Congo, Cameroon, or Angola.
American Indian peoples can be used to examine the 14th century CE and the 15th century CE. I have no definite information on Haiti. Mexico City was founded as Tenochtitlan by the Aztecs.
I have no details on what is now the Dominican Republic. Meso-American Indian peoples such as those of Mexico and Guatemala seem to have declined some from earlier cultural heights. I have no details on Southwestern American Indian peoples found in the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. I have no details on Caribbean peoples such as those of Cuba.
I have no details for Bolivia . I do not yet have specific detail for Andean peoples including those of Colombia, Argentina, Peru, Venezuela, Chile, or Ecuador. Amazonian peoples including those of Brazil and Argentina, and Cono/Southern American Indian peoples of Argentina and Chile.
Inhabitants of what are now the United States and Canada can be connected. Eastern North American Indian peoples, Western North American Indian peoples, and Northern North American indian peoples can be connected.
Communities will be applied when these are better developed. [ Poona, Nanking, Singapore, Guadalajara, Alexandria, Chittagong, Phoenix, Sydney, Algiers, Harbin]
The agricultural revolution can be connected. The Agrarian revolution including Bronze age changes, early iron age changes, late iron age changes, and early modernization can be connected.
Social change processes including innovation, transmission, adaptation, and extinction can be considered. Social change factors including institutional change, cultural change, demographic change, and natural change can be connected.
Social types including hunting and gathering societies, horticultural societies, and agrarian societies can be identified. Social structure including anthropological structure, cultural structure, institutional structure, and class structure can be considered.