Late Medieval History


During the Late medieval period, European peoples had a respite from the repeated invasions of previous period and began to develop politically and economically, and to acquire knowledge about the peoples of Asia. Islam continued to expand, mostly eastward into Central Asia, India, East Asia, and the northern parts of Africa. There, Islamic peoples also came into conflict with the Mongol empire of Northern, central, and Eastern Asia. The American Indian peoples remained unknown and continued their separate development.	Sapience Home Site Map About Sapience History Classical and medieval History 11th Century 12th Century 13th Century 14th Century 15th Century

During the Late medieval period, European peoples had a respite from the repeated invasions of previous period and began to develop politically and economically, and to acquire knowledge about the peoples of Asia. Islam continued to expand, mostly eastward into Central Asia, India, East Asia, and the northern parts of Africa. There, Islamic peoples also came into conflict with the Mongol empire of Northern, central, and Eastern Asia. The American Indian peoples remained unknown and continued their separate development.

11th Century (1001 - 1100 CE)

Events of the 11th century are not yet detailed, but include the Normna conquest of England, and the calling of the First Crusade.

12th Century (1101 - 1200 CE)

Events of the 12th Century are not yet well detailed. Most of the events of the Crusades happened in this century. I have a refernece to the founding of the University of Paris in about 1150, but no further details yet.

13th Century (1201 - 1200 CE)

Events of the 13th century are not well detailed yet. In the early 13th century, Genghis Khan began his conquests in Central Asia. In the early-mid 13th century, his conquests continued. In the mid 13th Century, in Europe, Thomas Aquinas began writing, and continued in the late mid 13th century. I do not yet have historical events listed for the late 13th century.

14th Century (1301 - 1300 CE)

Events of the 14th century are not yet well detailed here. The plague known as the Black Death aflicted much of Western Europe. In the early 14th century, the early-mid 14th century, the mid 14th century, the late-mid 14th century, and the late 14th century there still need to be historical events listed.

15th Century (1401 - 1500 CE)

Events of the early 15th century and early-mid 15th century are yet not detailed here, In the middle 15th century, Gutenberg's invention of the movable-type printing press and publication of the Bible began a revolution in knowledge. In the late-mid 15th century, the marriage of Isabella 1 of Castille and Ferdinand of Aragon began to create modern Spain. The reconquest of Spain from Muslim rule continued. In the late 15th century, Leonardo Da Vinci created and imagined works of art, sculpture, and engineering. Colombus reached the "New World" of the Americas, and the Portuguese reached India by sailing around Africa, and sighted and claimed Brazil. These events initiated the modern period of world history.


Other History Late medieval history is connected with early medieval history. It continues into modern history, specifically the 16th century. It has been studied in the 17th, 18th, and 19th century.It has also been studied somewhat in the 20th century including the early 20th century, early-mid 20th century, mid 20th century, late-mid 20th century, and late 20th century. It is also examined in the early 21st century including the early 2000s and the late 2000s. Studies of it in the future are obscure. The near future including next month, next quarter, and next year, the middle future, and the far future are obscure.	Links to other sites: not yet available.
Sociology Peoples of the world Nations can be connected. Tunisia, Czech Republic, Guinea, Rwanda, Serbia, Chad, Hungary, Belarus, Somalia, Dominican Republic, Bolivia, Sweden, Haiti, Burundi, Benin, Austria Azerbaijan, Honduras, Switzerland, Bulgaria, Tajikistan, Israel, El Salvador, Hong Kong, Paraguay, Laos, Sierra Leone, Jordan, Libya, Papua, Togo, Nicaragua, Denmark, Slovakia, Kyrgystan, Finland, Turkmenistan, Eritrea, Norway, Georgia, United Arab Emirates, Singapore, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Croatia can be examined. Western civilization was developing. Belgium can be considered. The first known historical reference to Moscow was made. Scandinavian peoples will be significant. Anglic peoples, so far confined to the British of the UK were developing. Among Latin peoples, Portugal can be considered. Among Italic peoples, Italy was divided, and the Italian Renaissance developed. Among French peoples, France was developing as a nation. Among Hispanic peoples, Spain was being reconquered from the Muslims by Christians, and at the end of the period, the exploration of the New World of the Americas had begun. Cuba was reached by Hispanic explorers. Among Lusitanic peoples, Brazil was discovered at the very end of the period. Among Germanic peoples, in Germany, the weak and unstable Holy Roman Empire was nevertheless a major influence. The Netherlands can be considered. Northeast European peoples included Russia which was invaded and conquered by the Mongols, but later regained its independence. The Mongols conquered Ukraine, but it was later part of the Polish kindom. Poland was developing an important and powerful kingdom. Among Balkan peoples, I do not yet have details of Romania or Greece. Asiatic peoples are significant. I have no details on Cambodia. Dacca grew. Middle Eastern peoples were important. I know little of Syria. Cairo became the capital of Egypt. The Byzantine empire centered in Turkey was reduced by the Seljuk Turks, and finally conquered by the Ottoman Turks, becoming the center of the Ottoman Empire. In Egypt, the Islamic Mamluk dynasty was absorbed into the Ottoman Empire. Among Mesopotamian peoples including those of Iraq, the Abbasid Caliphate was reduced by the Seljuk Turks, and the Mongol invasions reached and sacked Baghad and finally overthrew the Abbasid Caliphate. Among Persian peoples, in Iran, the Seljuk Turks conquered northern Persia, but were later conquered by the Mongols. Afghanistan was also invaded by the Mongols. I have no specific details on Arabian peoples including Saudi Arabia or Yemen. Among North African peoples, Morocco and Algeria were being islamicized, but I have no specific details. Among South Asian peoples, in India there were repeated invasions by Islamic rulers and successors of the Mongols, but these were not followed up. Bombay seems to have become a city. Pakistan came under Islamic influence and was later invaded by the Mongols and Timurids. In Bangladesh Islam entered the region. I have no details for Nepal. I have no details for Sri Lanka. Delhi was founded as a city. Central Asian peoples including those of Kazakhstan were also influential. Peoples of Inner Asia including those of Ubzekistan were important, but I know little of them. Among Oriental peoples, in China the Sung dynasty was succeeded by a Mongol dynasty under Kublai Khan, which was in turn succeeded by the Ming Dynasty. Shanghai originated as a fishing village. I have no details of Taiwan. In Japan, the emperors were weak and dominated by the regents, or Shogun, and by warrior clans. I have no details on South Korea or North Korea. Tokyo was founded as a fortress called Edo, Seoul developed. Osaka flourished as a trading port. For Southeast Asia, Australia can be connected. Jakarta developed as a trading port. I have little information on Southeast Asian Mainland peoples. In Vietnam I have no details. In Thailand, the first of the modern Thai kingdoms was founded. I have no details on Burma. I have no details on Malaysia. I have little information on Southeast Asian Archipelagoes including peoples of Indonesia for which I have few details. I have no information on the Philippines. African peoples were becoming better known. I have no information on Zambia. For Eastern Africa, including , I have little information. I have no information on Uganda. For Northern East Africa including Ethiopia I have little information. For Interior East Africa including Sudan I have little information. For Central East African peoples including those of Tanzania or Kenya I have little information. In Western Africa, including Mali Islamic conquerers began to move in. I have no details on Southern Coastal West Africa including Nigeria or Ghana. I also lack details on peoples of Western Coastal West Africa including Cote d'Ivoire or Senegal. I have no details for Interior West Africa including Burkina Faso and Niger For Southern Africa, I have little information on South Africa, Mozambique, Madagascar, Malawi, or Zimbabwe. I have little information on Central Africa including Congo, Cameroon, or Angola. Little is known with certainty regarding most American Indian peoples. I have no definite information on Guatemala Cuba. Mexico City was founded as Tenochtitlan by the Aztecs. Among Middle American peoples, I have no details on what is now Mexico. South American Indian peoples are also little known. I have no details for Ecuador. I do not yet have specific detail for Andean peoples including those of Colombia, Argentina, Peru, Venezuela, or Chile. Amazonian peoples including those of Brazil and Argentina, and Cono/Southern American Indian peoples of Argentina and Chile. North American Indian peoples include inhabitants of what are now the United States and Canada. Communities will be applied when these are better developed. [ Beijing was at times the Imperial capital of China.] Social structure and change can be examined. Social structure including anthropological structure, cultural structure, institutional structure, and class structure can be considered. Social types including hunting and gathering societies, horticultural societies, and agrarian societies can be identified. Social change including factors of change, change processes, and particular changes will be useful. Institutions Religion is useful. Particular traditions are also useful. Pagan religion including European pagan, Asian pagan, African Pagan, and American Indian pagan continued to be supplanted by Abrahamic religion. Abrahamic religion including Islam, and Judaism is highly important. In Christanity, Catholicism and Orthodoxy were the predominant branches. Asiatic religion including Persian religion, Indian religion, and Oriental religion is also important. Secularism was gaining in influence. Religious organization, practice, and beliefs can be connected. Government studies including law, government activity, government structure, and particular governments began to approach modern forms during this period. Particular governments including local government, national governments, and international government are significant. Economics including economic activity, industries, and economic systems is also significant. Education including research, teaching, cultural institutions, educational organizations, and particular schools can be examined. Families including marriage, parenting, kinship, and particular families can be examined. Culture Behavioral culture including performing arts, games, sports, and cultural events is also useful. Customs including vital customs, living and dwelling customs, dress and adornment customs, social interaction customs, and institutional customs are significant. Occupations including food related, building related, transportation, communication, industrial, and service occupations will all be useful. Recreation and entertainment including music, dance, theater, games, and sports can be examined. Conceptual culture icluding literature, mathematics, applied science, and philosophy is important. Language including linguistics, writing, and languages of the world is important. Graphic arts including drawing, painting, and printmaking are useful. Material culture including clothing, buildings, transportation technology, communications technology, tools and industrial technology, and other artifacts are significant. Industrial technology including tools, fuels, chemical technology, machines, utilities, and other technology can be examined. Foodstuffs including agricultural products, preserved and processed food, and prepared food are important. Connections of anthropology including social foundations, demography, and physical anthropology will be discussed in more detail as the site develops. Human ecology including influence of the environment on people, relations with other life, and influence of people on the environment can be considered. Human geography including European geography, African Geography, North American geography, South American geography, and Ocenanic geography is useful. Asian geography including Southwest Asia, South Asian, Central Asia, Southeast Asia, East Asia, and North Asia is important. Particular groups may also be useful. Personal studies are less important for studies of the human body or psychology than for biographies are important. Prominent individuals of late medieval history include: Genghis Khan Gutenberg Columbus Luther Copernicus Michelangelo Urban II Pizarro Cortez Isabella William I Machiavelli da Gama Aquinas Magellan da Vinci Physical and natural science will be somewhat useful. Physics and chemistry are less significant than astronomy, earth science, and biology.

Other History

Late medieval history is connected with early medieval history.

It continues into modern history, specifically the 16th century. It has been studied in the 17th, 18th, and 19th century.It has also been studied somewhat in the 20th century including the early 20th century, early-mid 20th century, mid 20th century, late-mid 20th century, and late 20th century. It is also examined in the early 21st century including the early 2000s and the late 2000s. Studies of it in the future are obscure. The near future including next month, next quarter, and next year, the middle future, and the far future are obscure.

Links to other sites: not yet available.

Sociology

Peoples of the world

Nations can be connected. Tunisia, Czech Republic, Guinea, Rwanda, Serbia, Chad, Hungary, Belarus, Somalia, Dominican Republic, Bolivia, Sweden, Haiti, Burundi, Benin, Austria Azerbaijan, Honduras, Switzerland, Bulgaria, Tajikistan, Israel, El Salvador, Hong Kong, Paraguay, Laos, Sierra Leone, Jordan, Libya, Papua, Togo, Nicaragua, Denmark, Slovakia, Kyrgystan, Finland, Turkmenistan, Eritrea, Norway, Georgia, United Arab Emirates, Singapore, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Croatia can be examined.

Western civilization was developing. Belgium can be considered. The first known historical reference to Moscow was made. Scandinavian peoples will be significant. Anglic peoples, so far confined to the British of the UK were developing. Among Latin peoples, Portugal can be considered. Among Italic peoples, Italy was divided, and the Italian Renaissance developed. Among French peoples, France was developing as a nation. Among Hispanic peoples, Spain was being reconquered from the Muslims by Christians, and at the end of the period, the exploration of the New World of the Americas had begun. Cuba was reached by Hispanic explorers. Among Lusitanic peoples, Brazil was discovered at the very end of the period. Among Germanic peoples, in Germany, the weak and unstable Holy Roman Empire was nevertheless a major influence. The Netherlands can be considered. Northeast European peoples included Russia which was invaded and conquered by the Mongols, but later regained its independence. The Mongols conquered Ukraine, but it was later part of the Polish kindom. Poland was developing an important and powerful kingdom. Among Balkan peoples, I do not yet have details of Romania or Greece.

Asiatic peoples are significant. I have no details on Cambodia. Dacca grew.

Middle Eastern peoples were important. I know little of Syria. Cairo became the capital of Egypt. The Byzantine empire centered in Turkey was reduced by the Seljuk Turks, and finally conquered by the Ottoman Turks, becoming the center of the Ottoman Empire. In Egypt, the Islamic Mamluk dynasty was absorbed into the Ottoman Empire. Among Mesopotamian peoples including those of Iraq, the Abbasid Caliphate was reduced by the Seljuk Turks, and the Mongol invasions reached and sacked Baghad and finally overthrew the Abbasid Caliphate. Among Persian peoples, in Iran, the Seljuk Turks conquered northern Persia, but were later conquered by the Mongols. Afghanistan was also invaded by the Mongols. I have no specific details on Arabian peoples including Saudi Arabia or Yemen. Among North African peoples, Morocco and Algeria were being islamicized, but I have no specific details.

Among South Asian peoples, in India there were repeated invasions by Islamic rulers and successors of the Mongols, but these were not followed up. Bombay seems to have become a city. Pakistan came under Islamic influence and was later invaded by the Mongols and Timurids. In Bangladesh Islam entered the region. I have no details for Nepal. I have no details for Sri Lanka. Delhi was founded as a city.

Central Asian peoples including those of Kazakhstan were also influential. Peoples of Inner Asia including those of Ubzekistan were important, but I know little of them.

Among Oriental peoples, in China the Sung dynasty was succeeded by a Mongol dynasty under Kublai Khan, which was in turn succeeded by the Ming Dynasty. Shanghai originated as a fishing village. I have no details of Taiwan. In Japan, the emperors were weak and dominated by the regents, or Shogun, and by warrior clans. I have no details on South Korea or North Korea. Tokyo was founded as a fortress called Edo, Seoul developed. Osaka flourished as a trading port.

For Southeast Asia, Australia can be connected. Jakarta developed as a trading port. I have little information on Southeast Asian Mainland peoples. In Vietnam I have no details. In Thailand, the first of the modern Thai kingdoms was founded. I have no details on Burma. I have no details on Malaysia. I have little information on Southeast Asian Archipelagoes including peoples of Indonesia for which I have few details. I have no information on the Philippines.

African peoples were becoming better known. I have no information on Zambia.

For Eastern Africa, including , I have little information. I have no information on Uganda. For Northern East Africa including Ethiopia I have little information. For Interior East Africa including Sudan I have little information. For Central East African peoples including those of Tanzania or Kenya I have little information.

In Western Africa, including Mali Islamic conquerers began to move in. I have no details on Southern Coastal West Africa including Nigeria or Ghana. I also lack details on peoples of Western Coastal West Africa including Cote d'Ivoire or Senegal. I have no details for Interior West Africa including Burkina Faso and Niger

For Southern Africa, I have little information on South Africa, Mozambique, Madagascar, Malawi, or Zimbabwe.

I have little information on Central Africa including Congo, Cameroon, or Angola.

Little is known with certainty regarding most American Indian peoples. I have no definite information on Guatemala Cuba. Mexico City was founded as Tenochtitlan by the Aztecs. Among Middle American peoples, I have no details on what is now Mexico. South American Indian peoples are also little known. I have no details for Ecuador. I do not yet have specific detail for Andean peoples including those of Colombia, Argentina, Peru, Venezuela, or Chile. Amazonian peoples including those of Brazil and Argentina, and Cono/Southern American Indian peoples of Argentina and Chile. North American Indian peoples include inhabitants of what are now the United States and Canada.

Communities will be applied when these are better developed. [ Beijing was at times the Imperial capital of China.]

Social structure and change can be examined. Social structure including anthropological structure, cultural structure, institutional structure, and class structure can be considered. Social types including hunting and gathering societies, horticultural societies, and agrarian societies can be identified. Social change including factors of change, change processes, and particular changes will be useful.

Institutions

Religion is useful. Particular traditions are also useful. Pagan religion including European pagan, Asian pagan, African Pagan, and American Indian pagan continued to be supplanted by Abrahamic religion. Abrahamic religion including Islam, and Judaism is highly important. In Christanity, Catholicism and Orthodoxy were the predominant branches. Asiatic religion including Persian religion, Indian religion, and Oriental religion is also important. Secularism was gaining in influence. Religious organization, practice, and beliefs can be connected. Government studies including law, government activity, government structure, and particular governments began to approach modern forms during this period. Particular governments including local government, national governments, and international government are significant. Economics including economic activity, industries, and economic systems is also significant. Education including research, teaching, cultural institutions, educational organizations, and particular schools can be examined. Families including marriage, parenting, kinship, and particular families can be examined.

Culture

Behavioral culture including performing arts, games, sports, and cultural events is also useful. Customs including vital customs, living and dwelling customs, dress and adornment customs, social interaction customs, and institutional customs are significant. Occupations including food related, building related, transportation, communication, industrial, and service occupations will all be useful. Recreation and entertainment including music, dance, theater, games, and sports can be examined.

Conceptual culture icluding literature, mathematics, applied science, and philosophy is important. Language including linguistics, writing, and languages of the world is important. Graphic arts including drawing, painting, and printmaking are useful.

Material culture including clothing, buildings, transportation technology, communications technology, tools and industrial technology, and other artifacts are significant. Industrial technology including tools, fuels, chemical technology, machines, utilities, and other technology can be examined. Foodstuffs including agricultural products, preserved and processed food, and prepared food are important.

Connections of anthropology including social foundations, demography, and physical anthropology will be discussed in more detail as the site develops. Human ecology including influence of the environment on people, relations with other life, and influence of people on the environment can be considered. Human geography including European geography, African Geography, North American geography, South American geography, and Ocenanic geography is useful. Asian geography including Southwest Asia, South Asian, Central Asia, Southeast Asia, East Asia, and North Asia is important. Particular groups may also be useful.

Personal studies are less important for studies of the human body or psychology than for biographies are important. Prominent individuals of late medieval history include:

Physical and natural science will be somewhat useful. Physics and chemistry are less significant than astronomy, earth science, and biology.

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