Late Medieval History


During the Late medieval period, European peoples had a respite from the repeated invasions of previous period and began to develop politically and economically, and to acquire knowledge about the peoples of Asia. Islam continued to expand, mostly eastward into Central Asia, India, East Asia, and the northern parts of Africa. There, Islamic peoples also came into conflict with the Mongol empire of Northern, central, and Eastern Asia. The American Indian peoples remained unknown and continued their separate development.	Sapience Home Site Map About Sapience History Classical and medieval History 11th Century 12th Century 13th Century 14th Century 15th Century

During the Late medieval period, European peoples had a respite from the repeated invasions of previous period and began to develop politically and economically, and to acquire knowledge about the peoples of Asia. Islam continued to expand, mostly eastward into Central Asia, India, East Asia, and the northern parts of Africa. There, Islamic peoples also came into conflict with the Mongol empire of Northern, central, and Eastern Asia. The American Indian peoples remained unknown and continued their separate development.

11th Century (1001 - 1100 CE)

Events of the 11th century are not yet detailed, but include the Normna conquest of England, and the calling of the First Crusade.

12th Century (1101 - 1200 CE)

Events of the 12th Century are not yet well detailed. Most of the events of the Crusades happened in this century. I have a refernece to the founding of the University of Paris in about 1150, but no further details yet.

13th Century (1201 - 1200 CE)

Events of the 13th century are not well detailed yet. In the early 13th century, Genghis Khan began his conquests in Central Asia. In the early-mid 13th century, his conquests continued. In the mid 13th Century, in Europe, Thomas Aquinas began writing, and continued in the late mid 13th century. I do not yet have historical events listed for the late 13th century.

14th Century (1301 - 1300 CE)

Events of the 14th century are not yet detailed here. In the early 14th century, the early-mid 14th century, the mid 14th century, the late-mid 14th century, and the late 14th century there still need to be historical events listed.

15th Century (1401 - 1500 CE)

Events of the early 15th century and early-mid 15th century are yet not detailed here, In the middle 15th century, Gutenberg's invention of the movable-type printing press and publication of the Bible began a revolution in knowledge. In the late-mid 15th century, the marriage of Isabella 1 of Castille and Ferdinand of Aragon began to create modern Spain. The reconquest of Spain from Muslim rule continued. In the late 15th century, Leonardo Da Vinci created and imagined works of art, sculpture, and engineering. Colombus reached the "New World" of the Americas, and the Portuguese reached India by sailing around Africa, and sighted and claimed Brazil. These events initiated the modern period of world history.


Physical and natural science will be somewhat useful. Physics and chemistry are less significant than astronomy, earth science, and biology. Personal studies are less important for studies of the human body or psychology than for biographies are important. Prominent individuals of late medieval history include: Genghis Khan Gutenberg Columbus Luther Copernicus Michelangelo Urban II Pizarro Cortez Isabella William I Machiavelli da Gama Aquinas Magellan da Vinci	Links to other sites: not yet available.
Connections of anthropology including social foundations, demography, and physical anthropology will be discussed in more detail as the site develops. Human ecology including influence of the environment on people, relations with other life, and influence of people on the environment can be considered. Human geography including European geography, African Geography, North American geography, South American geography, and Ocenanic geography is useful. Asian geography including Southwest Asia, South Asian, Central Asia, Southeast Asia, East Asia, and North Asia is important. Particular groups may also be useful. Culture Material culture including clothing, buildings, transportation technology, communications technology, tools and industrial technology, and other artifacts are significant. Industrial technology including tools, fuels, chemical technology, machines, utilities, and other technology can be examined. Foodstuffs including agricultural products, preserved and processed food, and prepared food are important. Conceptual culture icluding literature, mathematics, applied science, and philosophy is important. Language including linguistics, writing, and languages of the world is important. Graphic arts including drawing, painting, and printmaking are useful. Behavioral culture including performing arts, games, sports, and cultural events is also useful. Customs including vital customs, living and dwelling customs, dress and adornment customs, social interaction customs, and institutional customs are significant. Occupations including food related, building related, transportation, communication, industrial, and service occupations will all be useful. Recreation and entertainment including music, dance, theater, games, and sports can be examined. Institutions Families including marriage, parenting, kinship, and particular families can be examined. Education including research, teaching, cultural institutions, educational organizations, and particular schools can be examined. Economics including economic activity, industries, and economic systems is also significant. Government studies including law, government activity, government structure, and particular governments began to approach modern forms during this period. Particular governments including local government, national governments, and international government are significant. Religion including beliefs, practice, and organization is also useful. Particular traditions including pagan religion and secularism is also useful. Abrahamic religion including Islam, and Judaism is highly important. In Christanity, Catholicism and Orthodoxy were the predominant branches. Asiatic religion including Persian religion, Indian religion, and Oriental religion is also important. Pagan religion including European pagan, Asian pagan, African Pagan, and American Indian pagan was influential, but declining in places. Sociology Social structure and change can be examined. Social structure including anthropological structure, cultural structure, institutional structure, and class structure can be considered. Social types including hunting and gathering societies, horticultural societies, and agrarian societies can be identified. Social change including factors of change, change processes, and particular changes will be useful. Communities will be applied when these are better developed. [ Beijing was at times the Imperial capital of China.] The emphasis is on particular peoples of the earth. Information for a few nations may be available. I have no details on Spain, Argentina, Poland, Morocco, Canada, Algeria, Afghanistan. Western civilization was developing. The mongols conquered Ukraine, but it was later part of the Polish kindom. The first known historical reference to Moscow was made. Scandinavian, and Balkan history are all significant. Anglic peoples, so far confined to the British of the UK were developing. Among Latin peoples, Italy was divided, and the Italian Renaissance developed. Among French peoples, France was developing as a nation. Among Germanic peoples, in Germany, the weak and unstable Holy Roman Empire was nevertheless a major influence. Northeast European peoples included Russia which was invaded and conquered by the Mongols, but later regained its independence. Asiatic peoples are significant. I have no details on Myanmar, Dacca grew. Central Asian peoples were also influential. Middle Eastern peoples were important. In Egypt, the Islamic Mamluk dynasty was absorbed into the Ottoman Empire. The Byzantine empire centered in Turkey was reduced by the Seljuk Turks, and finally conquered by the Ottoman Turks, becoming the center of the Ottoman Empire. In Iran, the Seljuk Turks conquered northern Persia, but were later conquered by the Mongols. Cairo became the capital of Egypt. Among South Asian peoples, in India there were repeated invasions by Islamic rulers and successors of the Mongols, but these were not followed up. Bombay seems to have become a city. Pakistan came under Islamic influence and was later invaded by the Mongols and Timurids. In Bangladesh Islam entered the region. Delhi was founded as a city. Among Oriental peoples, in China the Sung dynasty was succeeded by a Mongol dynasty under Kublai Khan, which was in turn succeeded by the Ming Dynasty. Shanghai originated as a fishing village. In Japan, the emperors were weak and dominated by the regents, or Shogun, and by warrior clans. I have no details on South Korea. Tokyo was founded as a fortress called Edo, Seoul developed. Osaka flourished as a trading port. For Southeast Asia, there is Indonesia for which I have few details. I have no information on the Philippines. In Vietnam I have no details. In Thailand, the first of the modern Thai kingdoms was founded. Jakarta developed as a trading port. African peoples were becoming better known. Sudan had become largely Islamic. For Eastern Africa, including Ethiopia, I have little information. In Western Africa, including Nigeria, Islamic conquerers began to move in. For Southern Africa, I have little information on South Africa. I have little information on Central Africa including Congo. Little is known with certainty regarding most American Indian peoples. I have few details of Colombia Mexico City was founded as Tenochtitlan by the Aztecs. Among Meso-American peoples, I have no details on what is now Mexico. North American Indian peoples include inhabitants of what is now now the United States. South American Indian peoples are also little known. I have no details for Brazil Other History Late medieval history is connected with early medieval history. It continues into modern history, specifically the 16th century. It has been studied in the 17th, 18th, and 19th century and continues to be studied somewhat in the 20th century including the early, early-mid, mid, late-mid, and late 20th century. Studies of it in the future including the near future, middle future, and far future are obscure.

Physical and natural science will be somewhat useful. Physics and chemistry are less significant than astronomy, earth science, and biology.

Personal studies are less important for studies of the human body or psychology than for biographies are important. Prominent individuals of late medieval history include:

Links to other sites: not yet available.

Connections of anthropology including social foundations, demography, and physical anthropology will be discussed in more detail as the site develops. Human ecology including influence of the environment on people, relations with other life, and influence of people on the environment can be considered. Human geography including European geography, African Geography, North American geography, South American geography, and Ocenanic geography is useful. Asian geography including Southwest Asia, South Asian, Central Asia, Southeast Asia, East Asia, and North Asia is important. Particular groups may also be useful.

Culture

Material culture including clothing, buildings, transportation technology, communications technology, tools and industrial technology, and other artifacts are significant. Industrial technology including tools, fuels, chemical technology, machines, utilities, and other technology can be examined. Foodstuffs including agricultural products, preserved and processed food, and prepared food are important.

Conceptual culture icluding literature, mathematics, applied science, and philosophy is important. Language including linguistics, writing, and languages of the world is important. Graphic arts including drawing, painting, and printmaking are useful.

Behavioral culture including performing arts, games, sports, and cultural events is also useful. Customs including vital customs, living and dwelling customs, dress and adornment customs, social interaction customs, and institutional customs are significant. Occupations including food related, building related, transportation, communication, industrial, and service occupations will all be useful. Recreation and entertainment including music, dance, theater, games, and sports can be examined.

Institutions

Families including marriage, parenting, kinship, and particular families can be examined. Education including research, teaching, cultural institutions, educational organizations, and particular schools can be examined. Economics including economic activity, industries, and economic systems is also significant. Government studies including law, government activity, government structure, and particular governments began to approach modern forms during this period. Particular governments including local government, national governments, and international government are significant. Religion including beliefs, practice, and organization is also useful. Particular traditions including pagan religion and secularism is also useful. Abrahamic religion including Islam, and Judaism is highly important. In Christanity, Catholicism and Orthodoxy were the predominant branches. Asiatic religion including Persian religion, Indian religion, and Oriental religion is also important. Pagan religion including European pagan, Asian pagan, African Pagan, and American Indian pagan was influential, but declining in places.

Sociology

Social structure and change can be examined. Social structure including anthropological structure, cultural structure, institutional structure, and class structure can be considered. Social types including hunting and gathering societies, horticultural societies, and agrarian societies can be identified. Social change including factors of change, change processes, and particular changes will be useful.

Communities will be applied when these are better developed. [ Beijing was at times the Imperial capital of China.]

The emphasis is on particular peoples of the earth. Information for a few nations may be available. I have no details on Spain, Argentina, Poland, Morocco, Canada, Algeria, Afghanistan.

Western civilization was developing. The mongols conquered Ukraine, but it was later part of the Polish kindom. The first known historical reference to Moscow was made. Scandinavian, and Balkan history are all significant. Anglic peoples, so far confined to the British of the UK were developing. Among Latin peoples, Italy was divided, and the Italian Renaissance developed. Among French peoples, France was developing as a nation. Among Germanic peoples, in Germany, the weak and unstable Holy Roman Empire was nevertheless a major influence. Northeast European peoples included Russia which was invaded and conquered by the Mongols, but later regained its independence.

Asiatic peoples are significant. I have no details on Myanmar, Dacca grew. Central Asian peoples were also influential. Middle Eastern peoples were important. In Egypt, the Islamic Mamluk dynasty was absorbed into the Ottoman Empire. The Byzantine empire centered in Turkey was reduced by the Seljuk Turks, and finally conquered by the Ottoman Turks, becoming the center of the Ottoman Empire. In Iran, the Seljuk Turks conquered northern Persia, but were later conquered by the Mongols. Cairo became the capital of Egypt. Among South Asian peoples, in India there were repeated invasions by Islamic rulers and successors of the Mongols, but these were not followed up. Bombay seems to have become a city. Pakistan came under Islamic influence and was later invaded by the Mongols and Timurids. In Bangladesh Islam entered the region. Delhi was founded as a city. Among Oriental peoples, in China the Sung dynasty was succeeded by a Mongol dynasty under Kublai Khan, which was in turn succeeded by the Ming Dynasty. Shanghai originated as a fishing village. In Japan, the emperors were weak and dominated by the regents, or Shogun, and by warrior clans. I have no details on South Korea. Tokyo was founded as a fortress called Edo, Seoul developed. Osaka flourished as a trading port. For Southeast Asia, there is Indonesia for which I have few details. I have no information on the Philippines. In Vietnam I have no details. In Thailand, the first of the modern Thai kingdoms was founded. Jakarta developed as a trading port.

African peoples were becoming better known. Sudan had become largely Islamic. For Eastern Africa, including Ethiopia, I have little information. In Western Africa, including Nigeria, Islamic conquerers began to move in. For Southern Africa, I have little information on South Africa. I have little information on Central Africa including Congo.

Little is known with certainty regarding most American Indian peoples. I have few details of Colombia Mexico City was founded as Tenochtitlan by the Aztecs. Among Meso-American peoples, I have no details on what is now Mexico. North American Indian peoples include inhabitants of what is now now the United States. South American Indian peoples are also little known. I have no details for Brazil

Other History

Late medieval history is connected with early medieval history. It continues into modern history, specifically the 16th century. It has been studied in the 17th, 18th, and 19th century and continues to be studied somewhat in the 20th century including the early, early-mid, mid, late-mid, and late 20th century. Studies of it in the future including the near future, middle future, and far future are obscure.

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