Late Medieval History


During the Late medieval period, European peoples had a respite from the repeated invasions of previous period and began to develop politically and economically, and to acquire knowledge about the peoples of Asia. Islam continued to expand, mostly eastward into Central Asia, India, East Asia, and the northern parts of Africa. There, Islamic peoples also came into conflict with the Mongol empire of Northern, central, and Eastern Asia. The American Indian peoples remained unknown and continued their separate development.	Sapience Home Site Map About Sapience History Classical and medieval History 11th Century 12th Century 13th Century 14th Century 15th Century

During the Late medieval period, European peoples had a respite from the repeated invasions of previous period and began to develop politically and economically, and to acquire knowledge about the peoples of Asia. Islam continued to expand, mostly eastward into Central Asia, India, East Asia, and the northern parts of Africa. There, Islamic peoples also came into conflict with the Mongol empire of Northern, central, and Eastern Asia. The American Indian peoples remained unknown and continued their separate development.

11th Century (1001 - 1100 CE)

Events of the 11th century are not yet detailed, but include the Normna conquest of England, and the calling of the First Crusade.

12th Century (1101 - 1200 CE)

Events of the 12th Century are not yet well detailed. Most of the events of the Crusades happened in this century. I have a refernece to the founding of the University of Paris in about 1150, but no further details yet.

13th Century (1201 - 1200 CE)

Events of the 13th century are not well detailed yet. In the early 13th century, Genghis Khan began his conquests in Central Asia. In the early-mid 13th century, his conquests continued. In the mid 13th Century, in Europe, Thomas Aquinas began writing, and continued in the late mid 13th century. I do not yet have historical events listed for the late 13th century.

14th Century (1301 - 1300 CE)

Events of the 14th century are not yet well detailed here. The plague known as the Black Death aflicted much of Western Europe. In the early 14th century, the early-mid 14th century, the mid 14th century, the late-mid 14th century, and the late 14th century there still need to be historical events listed.

15th Century (1401 - 1500 CE)

Events of the early 15th century and early-mid 15th century are yet not detailed here, In the middle 15th century, Gutenberg's invention of the movable-type printing press and publication of the Bible began a revolution in knowledge. In the late-mid 15th century, the marriage of Isabella 1 of Castille and Ferdinand of Aragon began to create modern Spain. The reconquest of Spain from Muslim rule continued. In the late 15th century, Leonardo Da Vinci created and imagined works of art, sculpture, and engineering. Colombus reached the "New World" of the Americas, and the Portuguese reached India by sailing around Africa, and sighted and claimed Brazil. These events initiated the modern period of world history.


Other History Examination of the 11th century, 12th century, 13th century, 14th century, and 15th century may benefit from examination of prehistory, antiquity, and other classical and medieval periods. They have been examined and re-examined throughouut modern times, and will likely be examined in the future.	Links to other sites: not yet available.
Prehistory The 11th century, 12th century, 13th century, 14th century, and 15th century can be examined using prehistory. Early prehistory including the Pliocene, early Pleistocene, early mid Pleistocene, late mid Pleistocene, and late Pleistocene can be connected. Middle prehistory including the 5th decamillennium BP, 4th decamillennium BP, 3rd decamilennium BP, and 2nd decamillennium BP can be connected. Late prehistory including the early 8th millennium BC, late 8th miillennium BC, early 7th millennium BC, late 7th millennium BC, early 6th millennium BC, and late 6th millennium BC can be connected. Antiquity The 11th century, 12th century, 13th century, 14th century, and 15th century can be examined using antiquity. The 5th millennium BC including the early 5th millennium BC, early mid 5th millennium BC, mid 5th millennium BC, late mid 5th millennium BC, and late 5th millennium BC can be connected. The 4th millennium BC including the early 4th millennium BC, early mid 4th millennium BC, mid 4th millennium BC, late mid 4th millennium BC, and late 4th millennium BC can be connected. The 3rd millennium BC including the early 3rd millennium BC, early mid 3rd millennium BC, mid 3rd millennium BC, late mid 3rd millennium BC, and late 3rd millennium BC can be connected. The 2nd millennium BC including the early 2nd millennium BC, early mid 2nd millennium BC, mid 2nd millennium BC, late mid 2nd millennium BC, and late 2nd millennium BC can be connected. The early 1st millennium BC including the 10th century BC, 9th century BCm 8th century BC, 7th century BC, and 6th century BC can be connected. Other classical and medieval history The 11th century, 12th century, 13th century, 14th century, and 15th century can be examined using these periods and make frequent reference to them. Early classical history including the 5th century BC, 4th century BC, 3rd century BC, 2nd century BC, and 2nd century BC can be connected. Late classical history including the 1st century CE, 2nd century CE, 3r century CE, 4th century CE, and 5th century CE can be connected. Early medieval history including the 6th century, 7th century, 8th century, 9th century, and 10th century can be connected. Modern history The 11th century, 12th century, 13th century, 14th century, and 15th century have been examined and re-examined during modern times. The 16th century including the early 16th century, early mid 16th century, mid 16th century, late mid 16th century, and late 16th century can be connected. It has been studied in the 17th century including the early 17th century, early mid 17th century, mid 17th century, late mid 17th century, and late 17th century. It has been examined in the 18th century including the early 18th century, early mid 18th century, mid 18th century, late mid 18th century, late 18th century, and late 18th century. It has been examined in the 19th century including the early 19th century, early mid 19th century, mid 19th century, late mid 19th century, and late 19th century. 20th century The early 20th century including the early 1900s, late 1900s, early 1910s, and late 1910s can be connected. The early mid 20th century including the early 1920s, late 1920s, early 1930s, and late 1930s can be connected. The mid 20th century including the early 1940s, late 1940s, early 1950s, and late 1950s can be connected. The late mid 20th century including the early 1960s, late 1960s, early 1970s, and late 1970s can be connected. The late 20th century including the early 1980s, late 1980s, early 1990s, and late 1990s can be connected. Early 21st Century The early 2000s including 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, and 2005 can be connected. The late 2000s including 2006, 2007, and 2008 can be connected. 2009 including the first quarter 2009, second quarter 2009, third quarter 2009, and fourth quarter 2009 can be connected. 2010 including the first quarter 2010, second quarter 2010, third quarter 2010, and fourth quarter 2010 can be connected. The early 2010s can be connected. 2011 can be connected. The first quarter 2011 including January 2011, February 2011, and March 2011 can be connected. The second quarter 2011 including April 2011, May 2011, and June 2011 can be connected. The third quarter 2011 and fourth quarter 2011 can be connected. Future The near future including next month, next quarter, and next year can be connected. The middle future including the next 5 years, next 20 years, next century, and next 5 centuries can be connected. The far future including the next 2 millennia, next 10,000 years, next 200, 000 years, next million years, and beyond the next million years is obscure. Sociology The late medieval period can be examined using peoples of the world, communities, and social structure and change. Institutions Religion, government, economics, education, and families can be connected to late medieval times. Religion Particular religions, religious organization, religious practice, and religious beliefs can be applied to late medieval times. Particular traditions are also useful. Pagan religion including European pagan, Asian pagan, African Pagan, and American Indian pagan continued to be supplanted by Abrahamic religion. Abrahamic religion including Islam, and Judaism is highly important. In Christanity, Catholicism and Orthodoxy were the predominant branches. Asiatic religion including Persian religion, Indian religion, and Oriental religion is also important. Secularism was gaining in influence. Religious organization including highly organized, fragmented, and unstructured organization can be considered. Religious practice can be considered. Religious beliefs can be connected. Government Particular governments including local government, national governments, and international government are significant. Govenrment activity including state relations, administration, and succession can be applied. Government structure including forms of government, heads of state, executive systems, legislative systems, judicial systems, and political parties and interest groups can be considered. Law including international law, Western Law, Asiatic law, and tribal law can be connected. Economics Economic systems including economic system behavior, economic system types, networks, and firms can be connected. Industries including companies and commercial and financial industries, communication, transportation, social and medical services, building, manufactoring industries, and agriculture can be connected. Economic activity including distribution and exchange, consumption, and production can be considered. Education Schools including higher education, secondary education, and elementary education can be considered. Educational organization including administration, faculty, students, and course material can be connected. Cultural institutions including performance venues, libraries, and museums can be connected. Teaching can be connected. Research can be connected Families Particular families can be connected. Kinship can be connected. Parenting can be connected. Marriage can be connected. Culture Behavioral culture Cultural events including holidays, disasters, gatherings, and miscellaneous events can be connected. Recreation and entertainment including music, dance, theater, games, and sports can be examined. Occupations including food related, building related, transportation, communication, industrial, and service occupations will all be useful. Customs including vital customs, living and dwelling customs, dress and adornment customs, social interaction customs, and institutional customs are significant. Conceptual culture Philosophy including philosophical schools and doctrines, special topics, ethics, aesthetics, metaphysics, epistemology, and logic can be connected. Applied science including applied social science, accounting, information science, medical science, navigation, engineering science, and measurement can be connected. Mathematics including statistics, analysis, geometry, algebra, arithmetic, and mathematical foundations can be connected. Literature including particular works, types and genres, forms, and oral tradition can be connected. Graphic arts including drawing, painting, and printmaking are useful. Language including linguistics, writing, and languages of the world is important. Material culture Miscellaneous artifacts such as sculpture, toys, medicines, and musical instruments can be connected. Communications technology including written communication and graphic communication can be connected. Tranportation technology including water transporation, land transportation, and packaging can be connected. Clothing including adornment, garments, and fabrics can be connected. Foodstuffs including agricultural products, preserved and processed food, and prepared food are important. Buildings including outdoor structure, complete buildings, furnishings, components, and materials can be connected. Industrial technology including tools, fuels, chemical technology, machines, utilities, and other technology can be examined. Anthropology Particular groups So far I have no particular groups dating to this period. Groupt that examine this period include: World History Association Human geography Asian geography including Southwest Asia, South Asian, Central Asia, Southeast Asia, East Asia, and North Asia is important. European geography including Balkan geography, Italian geography, Iberian geography, Eastern European geography, Central European geography, Northwest European geography, Island European geography, and Scandinavian geography can be connected. African geography including North African geography, East African geography, West African geography, North Central African geography, South Central African geography, and Southern African geography can be connected. North American geography including Northern North American geography, Middle North American geography, and Southern North American geography can be connected. South American geography can be connected. Oceanic geography can be connected. Human ecology Human effects on the environment can be connected. Relations with other life can be connected. Environmental effects on people can be connected. Physical anthropology Human dispersion can be connected. Racial variation can be connected. Human origins can be connected. Demography Population change can be connected. Population size and structure can be connected. Mortality and morbidity can be connected. Migration can be connected. Birth and fertility can be connected. Social foundations Social group behavior can be connected. Social group types can be connected. Social control can be connected. Social interaction can be connected. Social presentation can be connected. Personal studies Biographies are important. Prominent individuals of late medieval history include: Genghis Khan Gutenberg Columbus Luther Copernicus Michelangelo Urban II Pizarro Cortez Isabella William I Machiavelli da Gama Aquinas Magellan da Vinci Psychology including social psychology, personality, mental disorders, developmental psychology, behavior patterns, mind, and behavioral elements can be examined. The human body including form and appearance, life cycle, disease, body function, and body systems may be applicable. Science Biology including biohistory, ecology, systematics, organism biology, cell biology, and molecular biology might be considered. Earth science including geohistory, physical geography, atmospheric science, hydrospheric science, and geology can be considered. Astronomy including cosmology, galactic astronomy, stellar astronomy, and local astronomy can be considered. Chemistry including chemical systems, chemical change, and chemical substances can be considered. Physics including the structure of matter, electromagnetism, thermodynamics, and mechanics can be connected.

Other History

Examination of the 11th century, 12th century, 13th century, 14th century, and 15th century may benefit from examination of prehistory, antiquity, and other classical and medieval periods. They have been examined and re-examined throughouut modern times, and will likely be examined in the future.

Links to other sites: not yet available.

Prehistory

The 11th century, 12th century, 13th century, 14th century, and 15th century can be examined using prehistory.

Early prehistory including the Pliocene, early Pleistocene, early mid Pleistocene, late mid Pleistocene, and late Pleistocene can be connected. Middle prehistory including the 5th decamillennium BP, 4th decamillennium BP, 3rd decamilennium BP, and 2nd decamillennium BP can be connected. Late prehistory including the early 8th millennium BC, late 8th miillennium BC, early 7th millennium BC, late 7th millennium BC, early 6th millennium BC, and late 6th millennium BC can be connected.

Antiquity

The 11th century, 12th century, 13th century, 14th century, and 15th century can be examined using antiquity.

The 5th millennium BC including the early 5th millennium BC, early mid 5th millennium BC, mid 5th millennium BC, late mid 5th millennium BC, and late 5th millennium BC can be connected. The 4th millennium BC including the early 4th millennium BC, early mid 4th millennium BC, mid 4th millennium BC, late mid 4th millennium BC, and late 4th millennium BC can be connected. The 3rd millennium BC including the early 3rd millennium BC, early mid 3rd millennium BC, mid 3rd millennium BC, late mid 3rd millennium BC, and late 3rd millennium BC can be connected. The 2nd millennium BC including the early 2nd millennium BC, early mid 2nd millennium BC, mid 2nd millennium BC, late mid 2nd millennium BC, and late 2nd millennium BC can be connected. The early 1st millennium BC including the 10th century BC, 9th century BCm 8th century BC, 7th century BC, and 6th century BC can be connected.

Other classical and medieval history

The 11th century, 12th century, 13th century, 14th century, and 15th century can be examined using these periods and make frequent reference to them.

Early classical history including the 5th century BC, 4th century BC, 3rd century BC, 2nd century BC, and 2nd century BC can be connected. Late classical history including the 1st century CE, 2nd century CE, 3r century CE, 4th century CE, and 5th century CE can be connected. Early medieval history including the 6th century, 7th century, 8th century, 9th century, and 10th century can be connected.

Modern history

The 11th century, 12th century, 13th century, 14th century, and 15th century have been examined and re-examined during modern times.

The 16th century including the early 16th century, early mid 16th century, mid 16th century, late mid 16th century, and late 16th century can be connected. It has been studied in the 17th century including the early 17th century, early mid 17th century, mid 17th century, late mid 17th century, and late 17th century. It has been examined in the 18th century including the early 18th century, early mid 18th century, mid 18th century, late mid 18th century, late 18th century, and late 18th century. It has been examined in the 19th century including the early 19th century, early mid 19th century, mid 19th century, late mid 19th century, and late 19th century.

20th century

The early 20th century including the early 1900s, late 1900s, early 1910s, and late 1910s can be connected. The early mid 20th century including the early 1920s, late 1920s, early 1930s, and late 1930s can be connected. The mid 20th century including the early 1940s, late 1940s, early 1950s, and late 1950s can be connected. The late mid 20th century including the early 1960s, late 1960s, early 1970s, and late 1970s can be connected. The late 20th century including the early 1980s, late 1980s, early 1990s, and late 1990s can be connected.

Early 21st Century

The early 2000s including 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, and 2005 can be connected.

The late 2000s including 2006, 2007, and 2008 can be connected. 2009 including the first quarter 2009, second quarter 2009, third quarter 2009, and fourth quarter 2009 can be connected. 2010 including the first quarter 2010, second quarter 2010, third quarter 2010, and fourth quarter 2010 can be connected.

The early 2010s can be connected. 2011 can be connected. The first quarter 2011 including January 2011, February 2011, and March 2011 can be connected. The second quarter 2011 including April 2011, May 2011, and June 2011 can be connected. The third quarter 2011 and fourth quarter 2011 can be connected.

Future

The near future including next month, next quarter, and next year can be connected. The middle future including the next 5 years, next 20 years, next century, and next 5 centuries can be connected. The far future including the next 2 millennia, next 10,000 years, next 200, 000 years, next million years, and beyond the next million years is obscure.

Sociology

The late medieval period can be examined using peoples of the world, communities, and social structure and change.

Institutions

Religion, government, economics, education, and families can be connected to late medieval times.

Religion

Particular religions, religious organization, religious practice, and religious beliefs can be applied to late medieval times.

Particular traditions are also useful. Pagan religion including European pagan, Asian pagan, African Pagan, and American Indian pagan continued to be supplanted by Abrahamic religion. Abrahamic religion including Islam, and Judaism is highly important. In Christanity, Catholicism and Orthodoxy were the predominant branches. Asiatic religion including Persian religion, Indian religion, and Oriental religion is also important. Secularism was gaining in influence. Religious organization including highly organized, fragmented, and unstructured organization can be considered. Religious practice can be considered. Religious beliefs can be connected.

Government

Particular governments including local government, national governments, and international government are significant. Govenrment activity including state relations, administration, and succession can be applied. Government structure including forms of government, heads of state, executive systems, legislative systems, judicial systems, and political parties and interest groups can be considered. Law including international law, Western Law, Asiatic law, and tribal law can be connected.

Economics

Economic systems including economic system behavior, economic system types, networks, and firms can be connected. Industries including companies and commercial and financial industries, communication, transportation, social and medical services, building, manufactoring industries, and agriculture can be connected. Economic activity including distribution and exchange, consumption, and production can be considered.

Education

Schools including higher education, secondary education, and elementary education can be considered. Educational organization including administration, faculty, students, and course material can be connected. Cultural institutions including performance venues, libraries, and museums can be connected. Teaching can be connected. Research can be connected

Families

Particular families can be connected. Kinship can be connected. Parenting can be connected. Marriage can be connected.

Culture

Behavioral culture

Cultural events including holidays, disasters, gatherings, and miscellaneous events can be connected. Recreation and entertainment including music, dance, theater, games, and sports can be examined. Occupations including food related, building related, transportation, communication, industrial, and service occupations will all be useful. Customs including vital customs, living and dwelling customs, dress and adornment customs, social interaction customs, and institutional customs are significant.

Conceptual culture

Philosophy including philosophical schools and doctrines, special topics, ethics, aesthetics, metaphysics, epistemology, and logic can be connected. Applied science including applied social science, accounting, information science, medical science, navigation, engineering science, and measurement can be connected. Mathematics including statistics, analysis, geometry, algebra, arithmetic, and mathematical foundations can be connected. Literature including particular works, types and genres, forms, and oral tradition can be connected. Graphic arts including drawing, painting, and printmaking are useful. Language including linguistics, writing, and languages of the world is important.

Material culture

Miscellaneous artifacts such as sculpture, toys, medicines, and musical instruments can be connected. Communications technology including written communication and graphic communication can be connected. Tranportation technology including water transporation, land transportation, and packaging can be connected. Clothing including adornment, garments, and fabrics can be connected. Foodstuffs including agricultural products, preserved and processed food, and prepared food are important. Buildings including outdoor structure, complete buildings, furnishings, components, and materials can be connected. Industrial technology including tools, fuels, chemical technology, machines, utilities, and other technology can be examined.

Anthropology

Particular groups

So far I have no particular groups dating to this period. Groupt that examine this period include:

World History Association

Human geography

Asian geography including Southwest Asia, South Asian, Central Asia, Southeast Asia, East Asia, and North Asia is important. European geography including Balkan geography, Italian geography, Iberian geography, Eastern European geography, Central European geography, Northwest European geography, Island European geography, and Scandinavian geography can be connected. African geography including North African geography, East African geography, West African geography, North Central African geography, South Central African geography, and Southern African geography can be connected. North American geography including Northern North American geography, Middle North American geography, and Southern North American geography can be connected. South American geography can be connected. Oceanic geography can be connected.

Human ecology

Human effects on the environment can be connected. Relations with other life can be connected. Environmental effects on people can be connected.

Physical anthropology

Human dispersion can be connected. Racial variation can be connected. Human origins can be connected.

Demography

Population change can be connected. Population size and structure can be connected. Mortality and morbidity can be connected. Migration can be connected. Birth and fertility can be connected.

Social foundations

Social group behavior can be connected. Social group types can be connected. Social control can be connected. Social interaction can be connected. Social presentation can be connected.

Personal studies

Biographies are important. Prominent individuals of late medieval history include:

Psychology including social psychology, personality, mental disorders, developmental psychology, behavior patterns, mind, and behavioral elements can be examined. The human body including form and appearance, life cycle, disease, body function, and body systems may be applicable.

Science

Biology including biohistory, ecology, systematics, organism biology, cell biology, and molecular biology might be considered. Earth science including geohistory, physical geography, atmospheric science, hydrospheric science, and geology can be considered. Astronomy including cosmology, galactic astronomy, stellar astronomy, and local astronomy can be considered. Chemistry including chemical systems, chemical change, and chemical substances can be considered. Physics including the structure of matter, electromagnetism, thermodynamics, and mechanics can be connected.

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