Late Classical History


During the late classical period, the Roman empire was the dominant political entity in Europe. A new religion, Christianity, branched from Judaism and came to predominate within the Roman Empire. The Roman empire expanded into the Middle East and then was divided. The older, western portion declined and collapsed, while the Eastern Roman or Byzantine empire survived into medieval times. During this period, nearly comparable empires in India and China also rose.	Sapience Home Site Map About Sapience History Classical and medieval History

During the late classical period, the Roman empire was the dominant political entity in Europe. A new religion, Christianity, branched from Judaism and came to predominate within the Roman Empire. The Roman empire expanded into the Middle East and then was divided. The older, western portion declined and collapsed, while the Eastern Roman or Byzantine empire survived into medieval times. During this period, nearly comparable empires in India and China also rose.

1st Century

c. 4 BC-33 CE Jesus (of Nazareth, or Jesus Christ) lives and preaches in Judea (Israel), founding Christianity. Accounts of his life and teachings are included in the "New Testament".

c. 40-60 CE Paul, converted from Judaism to Christianity, establishes non-Jewish Christian congregations in Greece and Asia Minor, within the Roman empire. Several of his writings are included in the "New Testament."

2nd Century

3rd Century

c. 230-270 CE Mani establishes Manicheanism in Persia.

4th Century

c. 313-330 CE Constantine adopts Christianity as the state religion of the Roman empire, moves capital to Byzantium/Contantinople/Istanbul, and divides the Empire into Eastern and Western parts.

c. 386-430 CE. Augustine converts to Christianity and writes his "Confessions" and "The City of God".

5th Century


Physical and natural science is useful for special purposes in historical study. Physics and chemistry are less useful than astronomy, earth science, and biology. Personal studies is useful, not so much for studies of the human body or psychology, but for biography. Prominent individuals of this period include: Constantine Jesus Paul Ts'ai Lun Augustus Augustine Mani	Links to other sites: not yet available.
Anthropology including social foundations, demography and physical anthropology will also be connected and discussed. Human ecology including environmental effects on people, relationships with other life, and human effects on the environment can be considered. Human geography including European geography, African geography, North American geography, South American geography, and Oceanic geography can be examined. Asian geography including Southwest Asia, South Asia, Central Asia, Southeast Asia, East Asia, and North Asia can be examined. Particular groups may also be useful. Culture Material culture including clothing, buildings, transportation technology, communication technology, and other artifacts can be examined. Industrial technology including tools, fuel, chemical technology, machinery, utilities, and other technology developed. Foodstuffs incuding acricultural products, processed and preserved foods, and prepared foods can be considered. Conceptual culture including literature, mathematics, applied science, and philosophy can be examined. Language including linguistics, writing, and languages of the world is important. Graphic arts including drawing and painting, and possibly printmaking developed. Behavioral culture including cultural events can also be considered. Customs including vital customs, living and dwelling, dress and adornment, social interaction, and institutional customs can be considered. Occupations including food related, building, transportation relted, communication related, industrial, and service occupations are also important. Recreation and entertainment including music, dance, theater, sports, and games can be considered. Institutions Families including marriage, parenting, kinship, and particular families can be discussed. Education including research, teaching, cultural institutions, educational organization, and particular schools can be considered. Economics including activity, industries, and economic systems can be considered. Government including law, government organization and activity, and particular governments can be examined. Particular governments including local, national, and international governments are also important. Religion including beliefs, practice, and organization is vital to understanding this period of history. Particular religions can be examined. Abrahamic religion included Judaism and its newer development of Christianity. This began to develop eastern and western branches as it was adopted by the Roman Empire. Asiatic religion including Persian, Indian, and Oriental religions was also important. Secularism was mixed with other traditions. Pagan religion including European pagan, Asiatic pagan, African Pagan, and American Indian pagan religions can also be examined. Sociology Connections to social structure and change will be significant. Social structure including anthropological structure, cultural structure, institutional structure, and social classes can be considered. Social types included hunting and gathering, horticultural, and agrarian types. Social changes including social change factors, processes, and particular changes can be examined. Communities will be developed as they are better studied. [There was a roman fort on what is now the site of Cairo, Calcutta, Manila, Karachi, Dacca] Most information comes from individual peoples. Information on particular nations for this period is being examined. Colombia, Sudan, Spain, Argentina, Poland. Asiatic peoples were prosperous. Myanmar can be considered. Osaka grew as a trading port. In Middle Eastern peoples, in Iran, the Parthians were replaced by Sassanids. What is now Turkey was ruled by the Roman empire. Egypt was ruled by the Roman, then the Eastern Roman or Byzantine empire. Among South Asian peoples, in India, the imperial Gupta dynasty ruled much of India. In Pakistan, the Mauryan empire had come to an end. In Bangladesh, society seemed to be in decline. The site of Delhi was inhabited. Among Oriental peoples, in China, the empire ruled by the Han dynasty broke up. In Japan, written history began to appear and Confucianism entered the country. Three independent kingdoms arose in Korea, including what is now South Korea. Cities include Seoul. Among Southeast Asian peoples, In Indonesia, information is fragmentary and not yet included here. I have no definite informtion on the Philippines. I have no definite information on Vietnam and little about Thailand Jakarta seems to have been founded. The records of Western civilization are fragmentary and incomplete, as many records of this peried have been destroyed. In Ukraine, there was frequent Greek and Roman colonization. Among Anglic peoples, wht is now the UK was partly ruled by the Roman empire. Among Latin peoples, France was part of the Roman empire, but toward the end of this period, Germanic peoples entered and Roman authority ceased. In Italy, the Roman empire established a new capital in what is now Turkey, and divided into Eastern and Western halves. The Western half collapsed under invasions of Germanic peoples. Northeast European peoples are not well known. In Russia, I have no records for this period. Among Germanic peoples, Toward the end of this period, peoples from Germany began to overrun the Western Roman Empire. Little is known of African peoples during this period. I know nothing of South Africa. In Eastern Africa, in Ethiopia the kingdom of Axum was founded and began to accept Christianity. Western Africa is little known. In Nigeria, I have no records for this period. Among Central African peoples, I know little of Congo. American Indian peoples have not yet been well examined here. In Mexico, I have no definite information. North American Indians such as are found in the United States are fairly little known. South American Indians are also little known at present. I have no information on Brazil. Other History Events of this period are a continuation of early classical times and are continued in the early medieval period.

Physical and natural science is useful for special purposes in historical study. Physics and chemistry are less useful than astronomy, earth science, and biology.

Personal studies is useful, not so much for studies of the human body or psychology, but for biography. Prominent individuals of this period include:

Links to other sites: not yet available.

Anthropology including social foundations, demography and physical anthropology will also be connected and discussed. Human ecology including environmental effects on people, relationships with other life, and human effects on the environment can be considered. Human geography including European geography, African geography, North American geography, South American geography, and Oceanic geography can be examined. Asian geography including Southwest Asia, South Asia, Central Asia, Southeast Asia, East Asia, and North Asia can be examined. Particular groups may also be useful.

Culture

Material culture including clothing, buildings, transportation technology, communication technology, and other artifacts can be examined. Industrial technology including tools, fuel, chemical technology, machinery, utilities, and other technology developed. Foodstuffs incuding acricultural products, processed and preserved foods, and prepared foods can be considered.

Conceptual culture including literature, mathematics, applied science, and philosophy can be examined. Language including linguistics, writing, and languages of the world is important. Graphic arts including drawing and painting, and possibly printmaking developed.

Behavioral culture including cultural events can also be considered. Customs including vital customs, living and dwelling, dress and adornment, social interaction, and institutional customs can be considered. Occupations including food related, building, transportation relted, communication related, industrial, and service occupations are also important. Recreation and entertainment including music, dance, theater, sports, and games can be considered.

Institutions

Families including marriage, parenting, kinship, and particular families can be discussed. Education including research, teaching, cultural institutions, educational organization, and particular schools can be considered. Economics including activity, industries, and economic systems can be considered. Government including law, government organization and activity, and particular governments can be examined. Particular governments including local, national, and international governments are also important. Religion including beliefs, practice, and organization is vital to understanding this period of history. Particular religions can be examined. Abrahamic religion included Judaism and its newer development of Christianity. This began to develop eastern and western branches as it was adopted by the Roman Empire. Asiatic religion including Persian, Indian, and Oriental religions was also important. Secularism was mixed with other traditions. Pagan religion including European pagan, Asiatic pagan, African Pagan, and American Indian pagan religions can also be examined.

Sociology

Connections to social structure and change will be significant. Social structure including anthropological structure, cultural structure, institutional structure, and social classes can be considered. Social types included hunting and gathering, horticultural, and agrarian types. Social changes including social change factors, processes, and particular changes can be examined. Communities will be developed as they are better studied. [There was a roman fort on what is now the site of Cairo, Calcutta, Manila, Karachi, Dacca]

Most information comes from individual peoples. Information on particular nations for this period is being examined. Colombia, Sudan, Spain, Argentina, Poland.

Asiatic peoples were prosperous. Myanmar can be considered. Osaka grew as a trading port. In Middle Eastern peoples, in Iran, the Parthians were replaced by Sassanids. What is now Turkey was ruled by the Roman empire. Egypt was ruled by the Roman, then the Eastern Roman or Byzantine empire. Among South Asian peoples, in India, the imperial Gupta dynasty ruled much of India. In Pakistan, the Mauryan empire had come to an end. In Bangladesh, society seemed to be in decline. The site of Delhi was inhabited. Among Oriental peoples, in China, the empire ruled by the Han dynasty broke up. In Japan, written history began to appear and Confucianism entered the country. Three independent kingdoms arose in Korea, including what is now South Korea. Cities include Seoul. Among Southeast Asian peoples, In Indonesia, information is fragmentary and not yet included here. I have no definite informtion on the Philippines. I have no definite information on Vietnam and little about Thailand Jakarta seems to have been founded.

The records of Western civilization are fragmentary and incomplete, as many records of this peried have been destroyed. In Ukraine, there was frequent Greek and Roman colonization. Among Anglic peoples, wht is now the UK was partly ruled by the Roman empire. Among Latin peoples, France was part of the Roman empire, but toward the end of this period, Germanic peoples entered and Roman authority ceased. In Italy, the Roman empire established a new capital in what is now Turkey, and divided into Eastern and Western halves. The Western half collapsed under invasions of Germanic peoples. Northeast European peoples are not well known. In Russia, I have no records for this period. Among Germanic peoples, Toward the end of this period, peoples from Germany began to overrun the Western Roman Empire.

Little is known of African peoples during this period. I know nothing of South Africa. In Eastern Africa, in Ethiopia the kingdom of Axum was founded and began to accept Christianity. Western Africa is little known. In Nigeria, I have no records for this period. Among Central African peoples, I know little of Congo.

American Indian peoples have not yet been well examined here. In Mexico, I have no definite information. North American Indians such as are found in the United States are fairly little known. South American Indians are also little known at present. I have no information on Brazil.

Other History

Events of this period are a continuation of early classical times and are continued in the early medieval period.

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