Early Classical History


During the early classical period, the Macedonian empire conquered the Persian empire and thus influenced much of the Middle east. This was followed by the Roman republic and empire. During this period, nearly comparable empires in Inda and China also rose.	Sapience Home Site Map About Sapience History Classical and medieval History

During the early classical period, the Macedonian empire conquered the Persian empire and thus influenced much of the Middle east. This was followed by the Roman republic and empire. During this period, nearly comparable empires in Inda and China also rose.

5th Century BC

c. 428 - c. 346 BC Plato, Greek philosopher. He is credited with founding a school, the "Academy". "Apologia" and "The Republic" are among his better known works.

4th Century BC

384 - 322 BC Aristotle, Greek philosopher and scientist. He is credited with founding a school, the "Lyceum". Among his better known works are "Ethics", "Politics", and "Poetics".

c 371 - c 289 BC. Mencius develops Confucian ideas.

c. 336-323 BC Alexander conquers Greece and Persian empire as far as India.

3rd Century BC

c. 300 BC Euclid compiles the "Elements", a treatise on geometry.

c. 265 - 238 BC. Asoka rules in India and adopts Buddhism, encouraging its spread.

c 250 - c. 211 BC. Archimedes does work in engineering, physics, and mathematics.

c. 221 - 210 BC Shih Huang-Ti creates the first unified Chinese empire.

2nd Century BC

1st Century BC

c. 58 - 44 BC Caesar becomes Roman conquerer of Gaul (approx modern France) , victor in civil war, and dictator.

c. 32 BC - 14 CE Augustus rules as first Roman Emperor.


The connections and applications of science will be discussed as the site develops. Physics and chemistry are less useful than astronomy, earth science, and biology.	Links to other sites: not yet available.
Personal studies are useful, not so much for the human body or psychology, but for important biographical figures, for instance: Buddha Confucius Aristotle Alexander Euclid Asoka Shih Huang Ti Caesar Augustus Plato Mencius Archimedes Anthropology including social foundations, demography, and physical anthropology will be highly significant for early classical times. Human ecology including environmental influence, relations with other life, and human influence on the environment can be considered. Human geography including European geography, African geography, North American geography, South American geography, and Oceanic geography will be useful. Asian geography including Southwest Asia, South Asian, Central Asia, Southeast Asia, East Asia, and North Asia can be considered. Particular groups may be significant. Culture of this period has been extensively studied in some regions. Material culture including clothing, buildings, transportation technology, communication technology, and other artifacts can be examined. Industrial technology including tools, fuel, chemical technology, machines, utilities, and other technology can be considered. Foodstuffs including agricultural products, preserved and processes, and prepared foods can be considered. Conceptual culture including literature, mathematics, applied science, and philosophy can also be examined. Language including linguistics, writing, and languges of the world will be important. Graphic arts including drawing, painting, possibly printmaking can be considered. Behavioral culture including cultural events can also be considered. Customs including vital customs, living and dwelling, dress and adornment, social interaction, and institutional customs can be considered. Occupations including food-related, building related, transportation, communication, industrial, and service occupations can be considered. Recreation and entertainment including music, dance, theater, sports, and games can be examined. Institutions Families including marriage, parenting, kinship, and particular families will be discussed. Education including research, teaching, cultural institutions, educational organization, and particular schools is present. Economics including activities, industry, and economic systems can be considered. Government including law, government structure, and government activity can be examined. Particular governments including local, national, and international governments are also significant. Religion including belief, practice, and organization is vital to understanding of this period. Particular religions are important. Abrahamic religion was limited to Judaism. Asiatic religion including Persian, Indian, and Oriental varieties developed significantly. Modern secularism can be traced to this period. Pagan religion including Asian pagan, European pagan, African Pagan, and North American pagan religion is significant. Sociology Connections to social structure and change can be made. Social structure including Anthropological structure, cultural structure, institutional structure, and class structure may be connected. Social types included hunting and gathering, horticultural, and agrarian types. Social change including social change factors, social change processes, and particular changes can be examined. Communities will be developed as they are better studied. [Osaka was growing into a port city. ] Most information comes from individual peoples. Information on particular nations for this period is being connected. [ South Africa, Colombia, Sudan, Spain, Argentina, Poland] Asiatic peoples were prosperous. There are not many references to Central Asian peoples. Myanmar Cities include Delhi. Among events in the Middle East, Iran was the home of Persian empires. It was conquered by the Greeks, but maintained independence from Rome. Turkey was conquered by Persian, Greek, and Roman peoples. Egypt was successively conquered and ruled by Persian, Greek, and Roman people in this period. Among South Asian peoples, in India, Alexander's visit and Asoka's later rule became important. In Pakistan, this was the home of the Gandhara civilization and was influenced by the Mauryan empire. In Bangladesh, the dominant rulers were Buddhist. Among Oriental peoples, in China, the warring states period ended and the short lived Qin empire, led by Shih Huang Ti, arose followed in time by the Han dynasty. In Japan, there was not yet written history. I know little of South Korea during this period. Cities include Seoul, which was founded in this period. Among Southeast Asian peoples, I know nothing of Indonesia in this period. I have no information on peoples of the Philippines. At present I have no information on Vietnam.I have no information on Thailand. The records of Western civilization are incomplete. Ukraine Among Anglic peoples, the UK can be considered. Among Latin peoples, France, then known as Gaul, was conquered by the Romans and incorporated into their republic. Italy was the seat of the Roman republic. For Northeast European peoples I have no definite information. In Russia, I have no details for this period. Among Germanic peoples, the earliest written records dealing with Germany date to this period. Little is known of African peoples during this period. For Congo I know nothing of this period. I know little of East African peoples including Ethiopia for this period. I know nothing of this period in West African peoples including those in Nigeria. American Indian peoples are not yet well described. At present I have no information on peoples of Mexico. North American Indians including those found in the United States are not well described here. South American Indians are also not well known. I know nothing of Brazil during this period. Other History Events of this period are a continuation of antiquity. most particularly the early first millennium. They are continued in the late classical period. They are also studied in early medieval, late medieval, and modern times, through the 16th, 17th, 18th, and 19th. Although these periods are of interest to scholars, general knowledge and information about this period had declined steadily through the 20th century including the early 20th, early-mid 20th, mid 20th, late-mid 20th, and late 20th centuries, as they are deemed less and less directly relevant to current issues. The future of these studies is uncertain.

The connections and applications of science will be discussed as the site develops. Physics and chemistry are less useful than astronomy, earth science, and biology.

Links to other sites: not yet available.

Personal studies are useful, not so much for the human body or psychology, but for important biographical figures, for instance:

Anthropology including social foundations, demography, and physical anthropology will be highly significant for early classical times. Human ecology including environmental influence, relations with other life, and human influence on the environment can be considered. Human geography including European geography, African geography, North American geography, South American geography, and Oceanic geography will be useful. Asian geography including Southwest Asia, South Asian, Central Asia, Southeast Asia, East Asia, and North Asia can be considered. Particular groups may be significant.

Culture of this period has been extensively studied in some regions. Material culture including clothing, buildings, transportation technology, communication technology, and other artifacts can be examined. Industrial technology including tools, fuel, chemical technology, machines, utilities, and other technology can be considered. Foodstuffs including agricultural products, preserved and processes, and prepared foods can be considered. Conceptual culture including literature, mathematics, applied science, and philosophy can also be examined. Language including linguistics, writing, and languges of the world will be important. Graphic arts including drawing, painting, possibly printmaking can be considered. Behavioral culture including cultural events can also be considered. Customs including vital customs, living and dwelling, dress and adornment, social interaction, and institutional customs can be considered. Occupations including food-related, building related, transportation, communication, industrial, and service occupations can be considered. Recreation and entertainment including music, dance, theater, sports, and games can be examined.

Institutions

Families including marriage, parenting, kinship, and particular families will be discussed. Education including research, teaching, cultural institutions, educational organization, and particular schools is present. Economics including activities, industry, and economic systems can be considered. Government including law, government structure, and government activity can be examined. Particular governments including local, national, and international governments are also significant. Religion including belief, practice, and organization is vital to understanding of this period. Particular religions are important. Abrahamic religion was limited to Judaism. Asiatic religion including Persian, Indian, and Oriental varieties developed significantly. Modern secularism can be traced to this period. Pagan religion including Asian pagan, European pagan, African Pagan, and North American pagan religion is significant.

Sociology

Connections to social structure and change can be made. Social structure including Anthropological structure, cultural structure, institutional structure, and class structure may be connected. Social types included hunting and gathering, horticultural, and agrarian types. Social change including social change factors, social change processes, and particular changes can be examined. Communities will be developed as they are better studied. [Osaka was growing into a port city. ] Most information comes from individual peoples. Information on particular nations for this period is being connected. [ South Africa, Colombia, Sudan, Spain, Argentina, Poland]

Asiatic peoples were prosperous. There are not many references to Central Asian peoples. Myanmar Cities include Delhi. Among events in the Middle East, Iran was the home of Persian empires. It was conquered by the Greeks, but maintained independence from Rome. Turkey was conquered by Persian, Greek, and Roman peoples. Egypt was successively conquered and ruled by Persian, Greek, and Roman people in this period. Among South Asian peoples, in India, Alexander's visit and Asoka's later rule became important. In Pakistan, this was the home of the Gandhara civilization and was influenced by the Mauryan empire. In Bangladesh, the dominant rulers were Buddhist. Among Oriental peoples, in China, the warring states period ended and the short lived Qin empire, led by Shih Huang Ti, arose followed in time by the Han dynasty. In Japan, there was not yet written history. I know little of South Korea during this period. Cities include Seoul, which was founded in this period. Among Southeast Asian peoples, I know nothing of Indonesia in this period. I have no information on peoples of the Philippines. At present I have no information on Vietnam.I have no information on Thailand.

The records of Western civilization are incomplete. Ukraine Among Anglic peoples, the UK can be considered. Among Latin peoples, France, then known as Gaul, was conquered by the Romans and incorporated into their republic. Italy was the seat of the Roman republic. For Northeast European peoples I have no definite information. In Russia, I have no details for this period. Among Germanic peoples, the earliest written records dealing with Germany date to this period.

Little is known of African peoples during this period. For Congo I know nothing of this period. I know little of East African peoples including Ethiopia for this period. I know nothing of this period in West African peoples including those in Nigeria.

American Indian peoples are not yet well described. At present I have no information on peoples of Mexico. North American Indians including those found in the United States are not well described here. South American Indians are also not well known. I know nothing of Brazil during this period.

Other History

Events of this period are a continuation of antiquity. most particularly the early first millennium.

They are continued in the late classical period. They are also studied in early medieval, late medieval, and modern times, through the 16th, 17th, 18th, and 19th. Although these periods are of interest to scholars, general knowledge and information about this period had declined steadily through the 20th century including the early 20th, early-mid 20th, mid 20th, late-mid 20th, and late 20th centuries, as they are deemed less and less directly relevant to current issues. The future of these studies is uncertain.

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