Early Classical History


During the early classical period, the Macedonian empire conquered the Persian empire and thus influenced much of the Middle east. This was followed by the Roman republic and empire. During this period, nearly comparable empires in Inda and China also rose.	Sapience Home Site Map About Sapience History Classical and medieval History

During the early classical period, the Macedonian empire conquered the Persian empire and thus influenced much of the Middle east. This was followed by the Roman republic and empire. During this period, nearly comparable empires in Inda and China also rose.

5th Century BC

Buddha may have lived into this period. c. 428 - c. 346 BC Plato, Greek philosopher. He is credited with founding a school, the "Academy". "Apologia" and "The Republic" are among his better known works.

4th Century BC

384 - 322 BC Aristotle, Greek philosopher and scientist. He is credited with founding a school, the "Lyceum". Among his better known works are "Ethics", "Politics", and "Poetics".

c 371 - c 289 BC. Mencius develops Confucian ideas.

c. 336-323 BC Alexander conquers Greece and Persian empire as far as India.

3rd Century BC

c. 300 BC Euclid compiles the "Elements", a treatise on geometry.

c. 265 - 238 BC. Asoka rules in India and adopts Buddhism, encouraging its spread.

c 250 - c. 211 BC. Archimedes does work in engineering, physics, and mathematics.

c. 221 - 210 BC Shih Huang-Ti creates the first unified Chinese empire.

2nd Century BC

1st Century BC

c. 58 - 44 BC Caesar becomes Roman conquerer of Gaul (approx modern France) , victor in civil war, and dictator.

c. 32 BC - 14 CE Augustus rules as first Roman Emperor.


Other History Prehistory including early prehistory, middle prehistory, and late prehistory can be connected.	Links to other sites: not yet available.
Antiquity The 5th millennium BC including the early 5th millennium BC, early mid 5th millennium BC, mid 5th millennium BC, late mid 5th millennium BC, and late 5th millennium BC can be connected. The 4th millennium BC including the early 4th millennium BC, early mid 4th millennium BC, late mid 4th millennium BC, mid 4th millennium BC, and late 4th millennium BC can be connected. The 3rd millennium BC including the early 3rd millennium BC, early mid 3rd millennium BC, mid 3rd millennium BC, and late mid 3rd millennium BC can be connected. The 2nd millennium BC including the early 2nd millennium BC, early mid 2nd millennium BC, mid 2nd millennium BC, late mid 2nd millennium BC, and late 2nd millennium BC can be connected. This is immediately preceded by the early first millennium BC including the 10th century BC, 9th century BC, 8th century BC, 7th century BC, and 6th century BC. Other Classical and medieval Events of this period are continued in the late classical period including the 1st century CE, 2nd century CE, 3rd century CE, 4th century CE, and 5th century CE. They are also studied in Early medieval times including the 6th century, 7th century, 8th century, 9th century, and 10th century. Late medieval history including the 11th century, 12th century, 13th century, 14th century, and 15th century can be connected. Modern history The 16th century including the early 16th century, early mid 16th century, mid 16th century, late mid 16th century, and late 16th century can be connected. The 17th century including the early 17th century, early mid 17th century, mid 17th century, late mid 17th century, and late 17th century can be connected. The 18th century including the early 18th century, early mid 18th century, mid 18th century, late mid 18th century, and late 18th century can be connected. The 19th century including the early 19th century, early mid 19th century, mid 19th century, late mid 19th century, and late 19th century can be connected. 20th century The early 20th century including the early 1900s, late 1900s, early 1910s, and late 1920s can be connected. The early mid 20th century including the early 1920s, late 1920s, early 1930s, and late 1930s can be connected. The mid 20th century including the early 1940s, late 1940s, early 1950s, and late 1950s can be connected. The late mid 20th century including the early 1960s, late 1960s, early 1970s, and late 1970s can be connected. The late 20th century including the early 1980s, late 1980s and early 1990s can be connected. The late 1990s including 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, and 2000 can be connected. Early 21st century The early 2000s including 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, and 2005 can be connected. The late 2000s including 2006, 2007, 2008, and 2009 can be connected. 2010 including the first quarter 2010, second quarter 2010, third quarter 2010, and fourth quarter 2010 can be connected. The early 2010s can be connected. 2011 can be connected. The first quarter 2011 including January 2011, February 2011, and March 2011 can be connected. The second quarter 2011, third quarter 2011, and fourth quarter 2011 can be connected. 2012 can be connected. The future of these studies including the near future, middle future, and far future is uncertain. Sociology Peoples of the world, communities, and social structure and change can be applied to the 5th century BC, the 4th century BC, the 3rd century BC, the 2nd century BC, and the 1st century BC. Institutions Religion Particular religions are important. Pagan religion including Asian pagan, European pagan, African Pagan, and North American pagan religion is significant. Abrahamic religion was limited to Judaism. Asiatic religion including Persian, Indian, and Oriental varieties developed significantly. Modern secularism can be traced to this period. Religious organization including highly structured religion, fragmented, religion, and loosely structured religion can be considered. Religious practice can be connected. Religious belief can be considered. Government Particular governments including local, national, and international governments are also significant. Government activity including state relations, administration, and succession can be considered. Government structure including forms of government, heads of state, executive systems, legislative systems, judicial systems, and political parties and interest groups can be considered. Law including international law, Western law, Asiatic law, and tribal law can be considered. Economics Economic systems including economic system behavior, economic system types, networks, and firms can be connected. Industries including companies and commercial and financial, communications, transportation, social and medical services, building and construction, extraction and manufacture, and agriculture can be connected. Economic activities including production, consumption, and distribution and exchange can be connected. Education Schools including higher education, secondary education, and primary education can be considered. Educational organization including administration, faculty, students, and course material can be connected. Cultural institutions including performance venues, libraries, and museums can be connected. Teaching can be connected. Research can be connected. Families Particular families can be connected. Kinship can be connected. Parenting can be connected. Marriage can be connected. Culture Behavioral culture Cultural events including holidays, gatherings, disasters, and other events can be connected. Recreation and entertainment including music, dance, theater, sports, and games can be examined. Occupations including food-related, building related, transportation, communication, industrial, and service occupations can be considered. Customs including vital customs, living and dwelling, dress and adornment, social interaction, and institutional customs can be considered. Conceptual culture Philosophy including philosophical schools and doctrines, special topics, ethics, aesthetics, epistemology, and logic developed substantially. Applied science including applied social science, accounting, information science, medical science, navigation, engineering science, and measurement can be connected. Mathematics including statistics, analysis, geometry, algebra, arithmetic, and foundations can be connected. Literature including literary works, genres, forms, and oral tradition can be connected. Graphic arts including drawing, painting, possibly printmaking can be considered. Language including linguistics, writing, and languges of the world will be important. Material culture Miscellaneous artifacts such as toys, medicines, musical instruments, and sculpture can be connected. Communications technology including written communication and graphic communication can be connected. Transportation technology including water transportation, land transportation, and air transportation can be connected. Clothing including adornment, garments, and textiles can be connected. Foodstuffs including agricultural products, preserved and processes, and prepared foods can be considered. Building technology including outdoor structures, complete buildings, building parts, furnishings, and materials can be connected. Industrial technology including tools, fuel, chemical technology, machines, utilities, and other technology can be considered. Anthropology Particular groups Particular groups may be significant. Groups that examine this period include: World History Association Human geography Asian geography including Southwest Asia, South Asian, Central Asia, Southeast Asia, East Asia, and North Asia can be considered. European geography including Balkan, Italian, Iberian, Central European, Eastern European, Northwest European, Island European, and Scandinavian geography can be connected. African geography including North African geography, East African geography, West African geograpny, North Central African geography, South Central African geography, and Southern African geography can be connected. North American geography including Northern North American, Middle North American, and Southern North american geograpy can be connected. South American geography can be connected. Oceanic geography can be connected. Human ecology including environmental influence on people can be considered. Human effects on the environment can be connected. Relationships with other life can be connected. Physical anthropology including human dispersion, racial variation, and human origins can be connected. Demography including population change, population size and structure, birth, migration, and death can be connected. Social foundations including social group behavior, social group types, social control, social interactions, and social presentation can be considered. Personal studies Biography Important figures include: Buddha Confucius Aristotle Alexander Euclid Asoka Shih Huang Ti Caesar Augustus Plato Mencius Archimedes Psychology including social psychology, personality, mental disorders, developmental psychology, behavior patterns, mind, and behavioral elements might be applicable. Studies of the human body including form and appearance, life cycle, disease, body functions, and body systems may be applicable. Science Biology including biohistory, ecology, systematics, and organism biology can be considered. Earth science including geohistory, physical geography, atmospheric science, oceanic science, and geology may be applicable. Astronomy including stellar astronomy and local astronomy can be connected. Chemistry including chemical systems, chemical change, and chemical substances can possibly be connected. Physics including structure of matter, electromagnetism, thermodynamics, and mechanics may be applicable.

Other History

Prehistory including early prehistory, middle prehistory, and late prehistory can be connected.

Links to other sites: not yet available.

Antiquity

The 5th millennium BC including the early 5th millennium BC, early mid 5th millennium BC, mid 5th millennium BC, late mid 5th millennium BC, and late 5th millennium BC can be connected. The 4th millennium BC including the early 4th millennium BC, early mid 4th millennium BC, late mid 4th millennium BC, mid 4th millennium BC, and late 4th millennium BC can be connected. The 3rd millennium BC including the early 3rd millennium BC, early mid 3rd millennium BC, mid 3rd millennium BC, and late mid 3rd millennium BC can be connected. The 2nd millennium BC including the early 2nd millennium BC, early mid 2nd millennium BC, mid 2nd millennium BC, late mid 2nd millennium BC, and late 2nd millennium BC can be connected. This is immediately preceded by the early first millennium BC including the 10th century BC, 9th century BC, 8th century BC, 7th century BC, and 6th century BC.

Other Classical and medieval

Events of this period are continued in the late classical period including the 1st century CE, 2nd century CE, 3rd century CE, 4th century CE, and 5th century CE. They are also studied in Early medieval times including the 6th century, 7th century, 8th century, 9th century, and 10th century. Late medieval history including the 11th century, 12th century, 13th century, 14th century, and 15th century can be connected.

Modern history

The 16th century including the early 16th century, early mid 16th century, mid 16th century, late mid 16th century, and late 16th century can be connected. The 17th century including the early 17th century, early mid 17th century, mid 17th century, late mid 17th century, and late 17th century can be connected. The 18th century including the early 18th century, early mid 18th century, mid 18th century, late mid 18th century, and late 18th century can be connected. The 19th century including the early 19th century, early mid 19th century, mid 19th century, late mid 19th century, and late 19th century can be connected.

20th century

The early 20th century including the early 1900s, late 1900s, early 1910s, and late 1920s can be connected. The early mid 20th century including the early 1920s, late 1920s, early 1930s, and late 1930s can be connected. The mid 20th century including the early 1940s, late 1940s, early 1950s, and late 1950s can be connected. The late mid 20th century including the early 1960s, late 1960s, early 1970s, and late 1970s can be connected.

The late 20th century including the early 1980s, late 1980s and early 1990s can be connected. The late 1990s including 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, and 2000 can be connected.

Early 21st century

The early 2000s including 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, and 2005 can be connected.

The late 2000s including 2006, 2007, 2008, and 2009 can be connected. 2010 including the first quarter 2010, second quarter 2010, third quarter 2010, and fourth quarter 2010 can be connected.

The early 2010s can be connected. 2011 can be connected. The first quarter 2011 including January 2011, February 2011, and March 2011 can be connected. The second quarter 2011, third quarter 2011, and fourth quarter 2011 can be connected. 2012 can be connected.

The future of these studies including the near future, middle future, and far future is uncertain.

Sociology

Peoples of the world, communities, and social structure and change can be applied to the 5th century BC, the 4th century BC, the 3rd century BC, the 2nd century BC, and the 1st century BC.

Institutions

Religion

Particular religions are important. Pagan religion including Asian pagan, European pagan, African Pagan, and North American pagan religion is significant. Abrahamic religion was limited to Judaism. Asiatic religion including Persian, Indian, and Oriental varieties developed significantly. Modern secularism can be traced to this period. Religious organization including highly structured religion, fragmented, religion, and loosely structured religion can be considered. Religious practice can be connected. Religious belief can be considered.

Government

Particular governments including local, national, and international governments are also significant. Government activity including state relations, administration, and succession can be considered. Government structure including forms of government, heads of state, executive systems, legislative systems, judicial systems, and political parties and interest groups can be considered. Law including international law, Western law, Asiatic law, and tribal law can be considered.

Economics

Economic systems including economic system behavior, economic system types, networks, and firms can be connected. Industries including companies and commercial and financial, communications, transportation, social and medical services, building and construction, extraction and manufacture, and agriculture can be connected. Economic activities including production, consumption, and distribution and exchange can be connected.

Education

Schools including higher education, secondary education, and primary education can be considered. Educational organization including administration, faculty, students, and course material can be connected. Cultural institutions including performance venues, libraries, and museums can be connected. Teaching can be connected. Research can be connected.

Families

Particular families can be connected. Kinship can be connected. Parenting can be connected. Marriage can be connected.

Culture

Behavioral culture

Cultural events including holidays, gatherings, disasters, and other events can be connected. Recreation and entertainment including music, dance, theater, sports, and games can be examined. Occupations including food-related, building related, transportation, communication, industrial, and service occupations can be considered. Customs including vital customs, living and dwelling, dress and adornment, social interaction, and institutional customs can be considered.

Conceptual culture

Philosophy including philosophical schools and doctrines, special topics, ethics, aesthetics, epistemology, and logic developed substantially. Applied science including applied social science, accounting, information science, medical science, navigation, engineering science, and measurement can be connected. Mathematics including statistics, analysis, geometry, algebra, arithmetic, and foundations can be connected. Literature including literary works, genres, forms, and oral tradition can be connected. Graphic arts including drawing, painting, possibly printmaking can be considered. Language including linguistics, writing, and languges of the world will be important.

Material culture

Miscellaneous artifacts such as toys, medicines, musical instruments, and sculpture can be connected. Communications technology including written communication and graphic communication can be connected. Transportation technology including water transportation, land transportation, and air transportation can be connected. Clothing including adornment, garments, and textiles can be connected. Foodstuffs including agricultural products, preserved and processes, and prepared foods can be considered. Building technology including outdoor structures, complete buildings, building parts, furnishings, and materials can be connected. Industrial technology including tools, fuel, chemical technology, machines, utilities, and other technology can be considered.

Anthropology

Particular groups

Particular groups may be significant.

Groups that examine this period include:

World History Association

Human geography

Asian geography including Southwest Asia, South Asian, Central Asia, Southeast Asia, East Asia, and North Asia can be considered. European geography including Balkan, Italian, Iberian, Central European, Eastern European, Northwest European, Island European, and Scandinavian geography can be connected. African geography including North African geography, East African geography, West African geograpny, North Central African geography, South Central African geography, and Southern African geography can be connected. North American geography including Northern North American, Middle North American, and Southern North american geograpy can be connected. South American geography can be connected. Oceanic geography can be connected.

Human ecology including environmental influence on people can be considered. Human effects on the environment can be connected. Relationships with other life can be connected.

Physical anthropology including human dispersion, racial variation, and human origins can be connected. Demography including population change, population size and structure, birth, migration, and death can be connected. Social foundations including social group behavior, social group types, social control, social interactions, and social presentation can be considered.

Personal studies

Biography

Important figures include:

Psychology including social psychology, personality, mental disorders, developmental psychology, behavior patterns, mind, and behavioral elements might be applicable. Studies of the human body including form and appearance, life cycle, disease, body functions, and body systems may be applicable.

Science

Biology including biohistory, ecology, systematics, and organism biology can be considered. Earth science including geohistory, physical geography, atmospheric science, oceanic science, and geology may be applicable. Astronomy including stellar astronomy and local astronomy can be connected. Chemistry including chemical systems, chemical change, and chemical substances can possibly be connected. Physics including structure of matter, electromagnetism, thermodynamics, and mechanics may be applicable.

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