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Biology, earth science, astronomy, chemistry, and physics can be applied to classical and medieval history. |
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The physical and natural sciences can be used to examine early classical, late classical, early medieval, and late medieval history.
Biohistory is indirectly useful, and less for information on Precambrian, Mesozoic, or Paleozoic times, than Cenozoic life. Ecology including biogeography, ecosystems, evolution, systems ecology, community ecology, population ecology, and behavioral ecology can be applied to classical and medieval times, but did not develop much during this time. Systematics including the study of animals, fungi, plants, protists, and microbes can be applied to classical and medieval times, but did not develop much. Organism biology including behavior, life cycle, form, organ systems, tissues, and habitat can be applied but did not develop a great deal. Cell biology including cell types, cell behavior, and cell anatomy can be applied but was unknown in this period. Molecular biology including nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, small organic compounds, and inorganic compounds can also be applled but did not develop in this period.
Geohistory including Precambrian, Mesozoic, Palezoic, and Cenozoic times can be applied, but had not developed in this period. Physical geography including Terrestrial geography, oceanic geography, and mapping can be connected. Atmospheric science including climatology, meteorology, and atmospheric structure can be connected. Hydrospheric science including oceanography, glaciology, groundwater, and fresh water can be connected. Geology including interior geology, geologic processes, landforms, petrology, and minerals can be connected.
Cosmology might be connected. Galactic astronomy might be connected. Stellar astronomy including astrocartography, star systems, stars, and the interstellar medium can be connected. Local astronomy including solar system history, the sun, major planetary systems, small bodies, and the interplanetary medium can be connected.
Chemical systems including organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry, gas chemistry, solid chemistry, and liquid chemistry can be connected. Chemical changes including nuclear reactions, chemical reactions, and physical changes can be made. Chemical substances including mixtures, compounds, and elements can be considered.
The structure of matter including exotic matter, common matter, molecular physics, atomic physics, and subatomic physics might be connected. Quantum physics may possibly be applied, but had not developed in this period. Relativity may be applied but had not developed in this period. Electromagnetism including optics, magnetism, electric current, and electrostatics can be connected. Thermodynamics including higher thermodynamics, classical thermodynamics, and statistical mechanics might be connected. Mechanics including gravitation, nonrigid mechanics, rigid body mechanics, and kinematics can be connected.