Antiquity


Antiquity is divided approximately by millennia. Late prehistory, the 5th Millennium BC, is only accessible through archeological study. Protohistory, the 4th millennnium, is noted for the beginning of writing. During early antiquity, the 3rd millennium, written sources for history begin to appear, although these are fragmentary and incomplete. During middle antiquity, the 2nd millennium, many of the roots of the modern world were established. Late antiquity is the early 1st millennium BC, and is half the length of the earlier periods.	Sapience Home Site Map About Sapience History 5th Millennium BC 4th Millennium BC 3rd Millennium BC 2nd Millennium BC Early 1st Millennium BC

Antiquity is divided approximately by millennia. Late prehistory, the 5th Millennium BC, is only accessible through archeological study. Protohistory, the 4th millennnium, is noted for the beginning of writing. During early antiquity, the 3rd millennium, written sources for history begin to appear, although these are fragmentary and incomplete. During middle antiquity, the 2nd millennium, many of the roots of the modern world were established. Late antiquity is the early 1st millennium BC, and is half the length of the earlier periods.

History

Fifth Millennium BC (5000 - 4000 BC)

During this period, the Mesolithic peoples of Europe began to adopt Neolithic culture. the Neolithic peoples of the Middle East were beginning to build larger-scale buildings and practice copper and bronze working. I do not yet have details of the early 5th millennium BC, early mid 5th millennium BC, mid 5th millennium BC, late mid 5th millennium BC, or late 5th millennium BC.

Fourth Millennium BC (4000 - 3000 BC)

During this period, the Neolithic peoples of Europe began to work copper. Peoples of the Middle East were developing larger buildings and cities. Writing was introduced among Sumerian and Egyptian peoples, and written history can be considered to begin late in this period. I do not yet have details of the early 4th millennium BC, the early mid 4th millennium BC, the mid 4th millennium BC, the late mid 4th millennium BC, or the late 4th millennium BC.

Third Millennium BC (3000 - 2000 BC)

Bronze age civilizations of Mesopotamia, Iran, and Egypt arose, and historical events can be reconstructed from various inscriptions. The Harappan civilization of the Indus Valley flourished. I do not yet have details of the early 3rd millennium BC, the early mid 3rd millennium BC, the mid 3rd millennium BC, the late mid 3rd millennium BC, or the late 3rd millennium BC.

Second Millenium BC (2000 - 1000 BC)

Events from this period are not entirely clear, and few records remain. The origins of the Israelite people can be traced to this period. Civilization was largely concentrated in the Middle East, with Mesopotamian, Egyptian, and Hittite peoples as the largest powers. A wave of invaders who spoke Indo-European languages came from somewhere in Central Asia and influenced India, the Middle East, and Europe as well. I do not yet have details of the early 2nd millennium BC, the early mid 2nd millennium BC, the mid 2nd millennium BC, the late mid 2nd millennium BC, or the late 2nd millennium BC.

Early First Millennium BC (1000 - 500 BC)

Generally speaking, much of the Old Testament (the books of Samuel, Kings and Chronicles) took place in this period, though the dating of the particular peoples and empires involved is not yet clear here. Events of the 10th century BC are not yet clear, nor of the 9th Century BC. In about the 8th century BC, Homer is credited with composing the "Illiad" and the "Odyssey". In the 7th century BC, Zoroaster, the founder of Zoroastrianism, lived and preached in Persia. The 6th Century BC is noted for the appearance of a number of religious and philosophical leaders, including Socrates in Greece, Gautama Buddha and Mahavira (founder of Jainism) in India, and Confucius and Lao-Tzu in China. Cyrus the Great established the Persian empire.


Other History Antiquity overlaps with prehistory at the early end. It also overlaps with classical and medieval history at the later end. It has been extensively examined in modern times. Prehistory Antiquity depends to some extent on early prehistory. The 5th millennium BC and 4th millennium BC are part of prehistory in a broader sense. The 3rd millennium BC, 2nd millennium BC, and early 1st millennium BC have connections to prehistory. Early prehistory The Pliocene can be connected. The early Pleistocene can be connected. The early mid Pleistocene can be connected. The late mid Pleistocene can be connected. The late Pleistocene can be connected. Middle prehistory The 5th decamillennium BP can be connected. The 4th decamillennium BP can be connected. The 3rd decamillennium BP can be connected. The 2nd decamillennium BP can be connected. Late prehistory The early 8th millennium BC can be connected. The late 8th millennium BC can be connected. The early 7th millennium BC can be connected. The late 7th millennium BC can be connected. The early 6th millennium BC can be connected. The late 6th millennium BC is most directly connected. Classical and medieval history Information about the 5th millennium BC, 4th millennium BC, 3rd millennium BC, and 2nd millennium BC was increasingly lost during classical and medieval times. The late 1st millennium BC immediately preceded this. Early classical history Because of uncertainties in dating and because events are more or less continuous there is some overlap of the early 1st millennium BC. The 5th century BC can be connected. The 4th century BC can be connected. The 3rd century BC can be connected. The 2nd century BC can be connected. The 1st century BC can be connected.	Links to other sites: Wikipedia - Ancient history Internet Ancient History Sourcebook US Census Bureau - Historical Estimates of World Population HistoryWiz - The Ancient World WWW VL - Ancient History in general Timeline - 60,000 BC to 4000 BC Timeline - 4000 to 2001 BCE Timeline - 2000 to 1001 BCE Timeline - 1000 to 501 BCE Infoplease - Ancient History History Central - Major historical events 5500 BC to 0 BC (BC begins with 1, there is no 0 BC) Wikipedia - Mesolithic period Wikipedia - Neolithic period Timelines of History - 1 million BP to 3300 BC Timelines of History - 3300 BC to 1300 BC Timelines of History - 1300 BC to 500 BC
Late classical history There is so far some connection to the 3rd millennium BC, 2nd millennium BC, and early 1st millennium BC. The 1st century CE can be connected. The 2nd century CE can be connected. The 3rd century CE can be connected. The 4th century CE can be connected. The 5th century CE can be connected. Early medieval history Early medieval history can be used to examine the 5th millennium BC, 4th millennium BC, 2nd millennium BC, and early 1st millennium BC. The 6th century CE can be connected. The 7th century CE can be connected. The 8th century CE can be connected. The 9th century CE can be connected. The 10th century CE can be connected. Late medieval history There was some study of antiquity including the 5th millennium BC, 4th millennium BC, 3rd millennium BC, 2nd millennium BC, and early 1st millennium BC in his period. The 11th century can be connected. The 12th century can be connected. The 13th century can be connected. The 14th century can be connected. The 15th century can be connected. Modern history Attempts at reconstructing antiquity including the 4th millennium BC, 3rd millennium BC, 2nd millennium BC, and early 1st millennium BC have begun. 16th century In this period, historical interpretation in Western Civilization relied heavily on the Bible and on Greek and Roman classics. The 5th millennium BC, 4th millennium BC, 3rd millennium BC, 2nd millennium BC, and early 1st millennium BC can be considered. The early 16th century including the early 1500s, late 1500s, early 1510s, and late 1510s can be connected. The early mid 16th century including the early 1520s, late 1520s, early 1530s, and late 1530s can be connected. The mid 16th century including the early 1540s, late 1540s, early 1550s, and late 1550s can be connected. The late mid 16th century including the early 1560s, late 1560s, early 1570s, and late 1570s can be connected. The late 16th century including the early 1580s, late 1580s, early 1590s, and late 1590s can be connected. 17th century Historical interpretation relied heavily on the Bible and and on Greek and Roman classics, at least in Western Civilization. The 5th millennium BC, 4th millennium BC, 3rd millennium BC, 2nd millennium BC, and early 1st millennium BC can be considered. The early 17th century including the early 1600s, late 1600s, early 1610s, and late 1610s can be connected. The early mid 17th century including the early 1620s, late 1620s, early 1630s, and late 1630s can be connected. The mid 17th century including the early 1640s, late 1640s, early 1650s, and late 1650s can be connected. The late mid 17th century including the early 1660s, late 1660s, early 1670s, and late 1670s can be connected. The late 17th century including the early 1680s, late 1680s, early 1690s, and late 1690s can be connected. 18th century Historical interpretation of the 5th millennium BC, 4th millennium BC, 3rd millennium BC, 2nd millennium BC, and early 1st millennium BC relied heavily on the Bible and the Classics. The early 18th century including the early 1700s, late 1700s early 1710s, and late 1710s can be connected. The early mid 18th century including the early 1720s, late 1720s, early 1730s, and late 1730s can be connected. The mid 18th century including the early 1740s, late 1740s, early 1750s, and late 1750s can be connected. The late mid 18th century including the early 1760s, late 1760s, early 1770s, and late 1770s can be connected. The late 18th century including the early 1780s, late 1780s, early 1790s, and late 1790s can be connected. 19th century Archaeology began to be more useful and interpretion of antiquity began to shift. Information was discovered about the 5th millennium BC, 4th millennium BC, 3rd millennium BC, 2nd millennium BC, and early 1st millennium BC. The early 19th century including the early 1800s, late 1800s, early 1810s, and late 1810s can be connected. The early mid 19th century including the early 1820s, late 1820s, early 1830s, and late 1830s can be connected. The mid 19th century including the early 1840s, late 1840s, early 1850s, and late 1850s can be connected. The late-mid 19th century including the early 1860s, late 1860s, early 1870s, and late 1870s can be connected. For the late 19th century, I do not yet have details of the early 1880s, late 1880s, early 1890s, or late 1890s. 20th century More information was discovered about the 5th millennium BC, 4th millennium BC, 3rd millennium BC, 2nd millennium BC, and early 1st millennium BC. For the early 20th century, I do not yet have details of the early 1900s, late 1900s, early 1910s, or late 1910s. In the early-mid 20th century, excavations in what is now known as Sumer and in the Indus valley revealed some of these ancient civilizations. I do not yet have details of the early 1920s, late 1920s, early 1930s, or late 1930s. In the mid 20th century knowledge of these ancient civilizations increased. I do not yet have details of the early 1940s, late 1940s, early 1950s, or late 1950s. Developments of the late mid 20th century including the early 1960s, late 1960s, early 1970s, and late 1970s can be considered. Developments of the late 20th century including the early 1980s can be connected. The late 1980s including 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, and 1990 can be connected. The early 1990s including 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, and 1995 can be considered. The late 1990s including 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, and 2000 can be connected. More discoveries can be identified for the early 21st century. The early 2000s including 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, and 2005 can be connected. The late 2000s and developments in 2006 and 2007 can be connected. 2008 including the first quarter 2008, second quarter 2008, third quarter 2008, and fourth quarter 2008 can be considered. 2009 including the first quarter 2009, second quarter 2009, third quarter 2009, and fourth quarter 2009 can be connected. 2010 including the first quarter 2010, second quarter 2010, and third quarter 2010 can be connected. The fourth quarter 2010 can be connected. October 2010 including 2010 week 40, 2010 week 41, 2010 week 42, 2010 week 43, 2010 week 44, and 2010 week 45 can be connected. November 2010 including 2010 week 45, 2010 week 46, 2010 week 47, 2020 week 48, and 2010 week 49 can be connected. December 2010 including 2010 week 49, 2010 week 50, 2010 week 51, 2010 week 52, and 2010 week 53 can be connected. The early 2010s can be connected. 2011 can be connected. The first quarter 2011 can be connected. January 2011 including 2011 week 1, 2011 week 2, 2011 week 3, 2011 week 4, 2011 week 5, and 2011 week 6 can be connected. February 2011 including 2011 week 6, 2011 week 7, 2011 week 8, 2011 week 9, and 2011 week 10 can be connected. March 2011 including 2011 week 10, 2011 week 11, 2011 week 12, 2011 week 13, and 2011 week 14 can be connected. The second quarter 2011 can be connected. April 2011 including 2011 week 14, 2011 week 15, 2011 week 16, 2011 week 17, and 2011 week 18 can be connected. May 2011 including 2011 week 19, 2011 week 20, 2011 week 21, 2011 week 22, and 2011 week 23 can be connected. June 2011 including 2011 week 23, 2011 week 24, 2011 week 25, 2011 week 26, and 2011 week 27 can be connected. The third quarter 2011 can be connected. July 2011 including 2011 week 27, 2011 week 28, 2011 week 29, 2011 week 30, 2011 week 32, and 2011 week 32 can be connected. August 2011 including 2011 week 32, 2011 week 33, 2011 week 34, 2011 week 35, and 2011 week 36 can be connected. September 2011 can be connected. The fourth quarter 2011 including October 2011, November 2011 and December 2011 can also be connected. Future The near future including next month, next quarter, and next year can be connected. The middle future including the next 5 years, next 20 years, next century, and next 5 centuries can be connected. The far future including the next 2 millennia, next 10,000 years, next 200,000 years, next million years, and beyond the next million years can be connected. Sociology The most useful aid to study of antiquity is investigation of the peoples of the world, communities, and social structure and changes. The development of these through the period of antiquity is noticeable. Institutions Religion, government, economics, education, and families can be used to examine the 5th millennium BC, the 4th millennium BC, the 3rd millennium BC, the 2nd millennium BC, and the early first millennium BC. Culture Behavioral culture, conceptual culture, and material culture will be important in examination of the 5th millennium BC, the 4th millennium BC, the 3rd millennium BC, the 2nd millennium BC, and the early first millennium BC. Anthropology Particular groups, human geography, human ecology, physical anthropology, demography, and social foundations can be applied to examination of the 5th millennium BC, the 4th millennium BC, the 3rd millennium BC, the 2nd millennium BC, and the early first millennium BC. Personal studies Biography, psychology, and the human body can be applied to examination of the 5th millennium BC, 4th millennium BC, 3rd millennium BC, 2nd millennium BC, and 1st millennium BC. Science Science can be applied so far to the 3rd millennium BC, the 2nd millennium BC, and the early 1st millennium BC.

Other History

Antiquity overlaps with prehistory at the early end. It also overlaps with classical and medieval history at the later end. It has been extensively examined in modern times.

Prehistory

Antiquity depends to some extent on early prehistory. The 5th millennium BC and 4th millennium BC are part of prehistory in a broader sense. The 3rd millennium BC, 2nd millennium BC, and early 1st millennium BC have connections to prehistory.

Early prehistory

The Pliocene can be connected. The early Pleistocene can be connected. The early mid Pleistocene can be connected. The late mid Pleistocene can be connected. The late Pleistocene can be connected.

Middle prehistory

The 5th decamillennium BP can be connected. The 4th decamillennium BP can be connected. The 3rd decamillennium BP can be connected. The 2nd decamillennium BP can be connected.

Late prehistory

The early 8th millennium BC can be connected. The late 8th millennium BC can be connected. The early 7th millennium BC can be connected. The late 7th millennium BC can be connected. The early 6th millennium BC can be connected. The late 6th millennium BC is most directly connected.

Classical and medieval history

Information about the 5th millennium BC, 4th millennium BC, 3rd millennium BC, and 2nd millennium BC was increasingly lost during classical and medieval times. The late 1st millennium BC immediately preceded this.

Early classical history

Because of uncertainties in dating and because events are more or less continuous there is some overlap of the early 1st millennium BC. The 5th century BC can be connected. The 4th century BC can be connected. The 3rd century BC can be connected. The 2nd century BC can be connected. The 1st century BC can be connected.

Links to other sites:

Late classical history

There is so far some connection to the 3rd millennium BC, 2nd millennium BC, and early 1st millennium BC.

The 1st century CE can be connected. The 2nd century CE can be connected. The 3rd century CE can be connected. The 4th century CE can be connected. The 5th century CE can be connected.

Early medieval history

Early medieval history can be used to examine the 5th millennium BC, 4th millennium BC, 2nd millennium BC, and early 1st millennium BC.

The 6th century CE can be connected. The 7th century CE can be connected. The 8th century CE can be connected. The 9th century CE can be connected. The 10th century CE can be connected.

Late medieval history

There was some study of antiquity including the 5th millennium BC, 4th millennium BC, 3rd millennium BC, 2nd millennium BC, and early 1st millennium BC in his period.

The 11th century can be connected. The 12th century can be connected. The 13th century can be connected. The 14th century can be connected. The 15th century can be connected.

Modern history

Attempts at reconstructing antiquity including the 4th millennium BC, 3rd millennium BC, 2nd millennium BC, and early 1st millennium BC have begun.

16th century

In this period, historical interpretation in Western Civilization relied heavily on the Bible and on Greek and Roman classics. The 5th millennium BC, 4th millennium BC, 3rd millennium BC, 2nd millennium BC, and early 1st millennium BC can be considered.

The early 16th century including the early 1500s, late 1500s, early 1510s, and late 1510s can be connected. The early mid 16th century including the early 1520s, late 1520s, early 1530s, and late 1530s can be connected. The mid 16th century including the early 1540s, late 1540s, early 1550s, and late 1550s can be connected. The late mid 16th century including the early 1560s, late 1560s, early 1570s, and late 1570s can be connected. The late 16th century including the early 1580s, late 1580s, early 1590s, and late 1590s can be connected.

17th century

Historical interpretation relied heavily on the Bible and and on Greek and Roman classics, at least in Western Civilization. The 5th millennium BC, 4th millennium BC, 3rd millennium BC, 2nd millennium BC, and early 1st millennium BC can be considered.

The early 17th century including the early 1600s, late 1600s, early 1610s, and late 1610s can be connected. The early mid 17th century including the early 1620s, late 1620s, early 1630s, and late 1630s can be connected. The mid 17th century including the early 1640s, late 1640s, early 1650s, and late 1650s can be connected. The late mid 17th century including the early 1660s, late 1660s, early 1670s, and late 1670s can be connected. The late 17th century including the early 1680s, late 1680s, early 1690s, and late 1690s can be connected.

18th century

Historical interpretation of the 5th millennium BC, 4th millennium BC, 3rd millennium BC, 2nd millennium BC, and early 1st millennium BC relied heavily on the Bible and the Classics.

The early 18th century including the early 1700s, late 1700s early 1710s, and late 1710s can be connected. The early mid 18th century including the early 1720s, late 1720s, early 1730s, and late 1730s can be connected. The mid 18th century including the early 1740s, late 1740s, early 1750s, and late 1750s can be connected. The late mid 18th century including the early 1760s, late 1760s, early 1770s, and late 1770s can be connected. The late 18th century including the early 1780s, late 1780s, early 1790s, and late 1790s can be connected.

19th century

Archaeology began to be more useful and interpretion of antiquity began to shift. Information was discovered about the 5th millennium BC, 4th millennium BC, 3rd millennium BC, 2nd millennium BC, and early 1st millennium BC.

The early 19th century including the early 1800s, late 1800s, early 1810s, and late 1810s can be connected. The early mid 19th century including the early 1820s, late 1820s, early 1830s, and late 1830s can be connected. The mid 19th century including the early 1840s, late 1840s, early 1850s, and late 1850s can be connected. The late-mid 19th century including the early 1860s, late 1860s, early 1870s, and late 1870s can be connected. For the late 19th century, I do not yet have details of the early 1880s, late 1880s, early 1890s, or late 1890s.

20th century

More information was discovered about the 5th millennium BC, 4th millennium BC, 3rd millennium BC, 2nd millennium BC, and early 1st millennium BC.

For the early 20th century, I do not yet have details of the early 1900s, late 1900s, early 1910s, or late 1910s.

In the early-mid 20th century, excavations in what is now known as Sumer and in the Indus valley revealed some of these ancient civilizations. I do not yet have details of the early 1920s, late 1920s, early 1930s, or late 1930s.

In the mid 20th century knowledge of these ancient civilizations increased. I do not yet have details of the early 1940s, late 1940s, early 1950s, or late 1950s.

Developments of the late mid 20th century including the early 1960s, late 1960s, early 1970s, and late 1970s can be considered.

Developments of the late 20th century including the early 1980s can be connected. The late 1980s including 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, and 1990 can be connected. The early 1990s including 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, and 1995 can be considered. The late 1990s including 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, and 2000 can be connected.

More discoveries can be identified for the early 21st century. The early 2000s including 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, and 2005 can be connected.

The late 2000s and developments in 2006 and 2007 can be connected. 2008 including the first quarter 2008, second quarter 2008, third quarter 2008, and fourth quarter 2008 can be considered. 2009 including the first quarter 2009, second quarter 2009, third quarter 2009, and fourth quarter 2009 can be connected. 2010 including the first quarter 2010, second quarter 2010, and third quarter 2010 can be connected. The fourth quarter 2010 can be connected. October 2010 including 2010 week 40, 2010 week 41, 2010 week 42, 2010 week 43, 2010 week 44, and 2010 week 45 can be connected. November 2010 including 2010 week 45, 2010 week 46, 2010 week 47, 2020 week 48, and 2010 week 49 can be connected. December 2010 including 2010 week 49, 2010 week 50, 2010 week 51, 2010 week 52, and 2010 week 53 can be connected.

The early 2010s can be connected. 2011 can be connected.

The first quarter 2011 can be connected.

January 2011 including 2011 week 1, 2011 week 2, 2011 week 3, 2011 week 4, 2011 week 5, and 2011 week 6 can be connected.

February 2011 including 2011 week 6, 2011 week 7, 2011 week 8, 2011 week 9, and 2011 week 10 can be connected.

March 2011 including 2011 week 10, 2011 week 11, 2011 week 12, 2011 week 13, and 2011 week 14 can be connected.

The second quarter 2011 can be connected. April 2011 including 2011 week 14, 2011 week 15, 2011 week 16, 2011 week 17, and 2011 week 18 can be connected. May 2011 including 2011 week 19, 2011 week 20, 2011 week 21, 2011 week 22, and 2011 week 23 can be connected. June 2011 including 2011 week 23, 2011 week 24, 2011 week 25, 2011 week 26, and 2011 week 27 can be connected.

The third quarter 2011 can be connected. July 2011 including 2011 week 27, 2011 week 28, 2011 week 29, 2011 week 30, 2011 week 32, and 2011 week 32 can be connected. August 2011 including 2011 week 32, 2011 week 33, 2011 week 34, 2011 week 35, and 2011 week 36 can be connected. September 2011 can be connected.

The fourth quarter 2011 including October 2011, November 2011 and December 2011 can also be connected.

Future

The near future including next month, next quarter, and next year can be connected. The middle future including the next 5 years, next 20 years, next century, and next 5 centuries can be connected. The far future including the next 2 millennia, next 10,000 years, next 200,000 years, next million years, and beyond the next million years can be connected.

Sociology

The most useful aid to study of antiquity is investigation of the peoples of the world, communities, and social structure and changes. The development of these through the period of antiquity is noticeable.

Institutions

Religion, government, economics, education, and families can be used to examine the 5th millennium BC, the 4th millennium BC, the 3rd millennium BC, the 2nd millennium BC, and the early first millennium BC.

Culture

Behavioral culture, conceptual culture, and material culture will be important in examination of the 5th millennium BC, the 4th millennium BC, the 3rd millennium BC, the 2nd millennium BC, and the early first millennium BC.

Anthropology

Particular groups, human geography, human ecology, physical anthropology, demography, and social foundations can be applied to examination of the 5th millennium BC, the 4th millennium BC, the 3rd millennium BC, the 2nd millennium BC, and the early first millennium BC.

Personal studies

Biography, psychology, and the human body can be applied to examination of the 5th millennium BC, 4th millennium BC, 3rd millennium BC, 2nd millennium BC, and 1st millennium BC.

Science

Science can be applied so far to the 3rd millennium BC, the 2nd millennium BC, and the early 1st millennium BC.

Top