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The most useful aid to study of antiquity is investigation of the peoples of the world, communities, and social structure and changes. The development of these through the period of antiquity is noticeable. |
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This can be applied to the 5th millennium BC, the 4th millennium BC, the 3rd millennium BC, the 2nd Millennium BC, and the early first millennium BC.
These can be applied to the 5th millennium BC, the 4th millennium BC, the 3rd millennium BC, the 2nd millennium BC, and the early first illennium BC. Asiatic peoples were the best developed, but Western civilization also began to appear. There is some evidence of civilization among African peoples, and more among the American Indian peoples, but details about these is uncertain and must be determined without help from written records.
Some of those not yet connected include Macedonia, Slovenia, Botswana, Gambia Guinea-Bissau, Gabon, Estonia, and Mauritius.
Western civilization began to develop during this period. The 5th millennium BC, the 4th millennium BC, the 3rd millennium BC, and the 2nd millennium BC have been investigated in modern times, but there are literary sources dating from the early first millennium BC. Kosovo can be connected.
Anglic peoples largely came from a later period, but some information is available for the United Kingdom and Ireland.
Some information from Latin peoples is available. Italic peoples did not exist in their present form, but Italy, was inhabited. French peoles did not exist in their modern form, but France was inhabited. Hispanic peoples also did not exist in modern form, but Spain can be connected. Lusitanic peoples can be considered using Portugal.
Germanic peoples including those of Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, Austria and Switzerland are mostly unknown.
Northeast European peoples such as those of Russia, Ukraine, Poland, the Czech Republic, Belarus, Slovakia, and Moldova, Lithuania, and Latvia are little known.
There is an important focus on development of the Balkan peoples. Romania can be connected. Greece, Serbia, Hungary, Bulgaria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia and Albania are highly important.
Scandinavian peoples including Sweden, Denmark, Finland, and Norway are little known.
are the best known and documented in this period. The Middle east are the best known and best developed. There were also civilizations in South Asia, but these have not yet been carefully examined here. Central asia was important, but many details are unknown. There was civilization the Orient, but these are not as well known. Comparatively little is known of Southeast Asia. Kuwait can be connected. Cities include Xian.
The Middle East had strong civilizations and includes the best known peoples. Oman can be connected. Cities include Istanbul. Turkey was prominent. Levantine peoples including those of Syria, Israel, Jordan, Palestinian Territories, and Lebanon can be connected. Egypt was prominent. Mesopotamian peoples in what is Iraq were especially prominent. Persian peoples including Iran became prominent and Afghanistan can be considered. Arabian peoples including those of Saudi Arabia, Yemen, and the United Arab Emirates can be considered. North African peoples including Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya are less well known.
South Asia including nations of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Sri Lanka developed an important civilization.
Central asia is not well known in this period. Armenia can be considered. Western Asia including parts of Russia, Azerbaijan and Georgia can be connected. Inner Asia including parts of China, parts of Russia, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Kyrgystan, and Turkmenistan can be considered. Mongolian peoples including those of China, parts of Russia, and Mongolia can be connected.
The Orient can be connected. Hong Kong can be considered. The city of Chungking can also be considered. China with its city of Beijing began to accquire Bronze age culture. Japan with its city of Osaka began to acquire bronze age culture. (South) Korea acquired Bronze age culture. North Korea did also. I know nothing of Taiwan during this period.
Southeast Asia is comparatively little known in this period. New Zealand can be considered. Mainland Southeast Asia including peoples of Vietnam, Thailand, Burma,Malaysia, Cambodia, Laos, and Singapore is poorly known. Peoples of the Southeast Asian Archipelago including Indonesia, the Philippines, and Papua New Guinea are also not well known. Australia is also not well known.
Little is generally known about African peoples. Namibia can be considered.
East African peoples such as those of Eritrea can be connected. Northern East African peoples including those of Ethiopia and Somalia can be connected. Interior East African peoples including those of Sudan and Chad can be considered. Central East African peoples including those of Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda, and Burundi can be considered.
West African peoples including those of Liberia can be connected. Southern Coastal West Africa including nations of Nigeria, Ghana, Benin, and Togo can be connected. Western Coastal West Africa including nations such as Guinea, Cote d'Ivoire, Senegal, and Sierra Leone can be connected. Interior West Africa with nations such as Burkina Faso, Niger, Mali, and Mauritania can be examined.
Southern African peoples such as those of South Africa, Mozambique, Madagascar, Malawi, Zimbabwe, Zambia, and Lesotho can be connected.
Central African people such as those of Congo, Cameroon, and Angola, the Central African Republic, and Congo (Republic) can be considered.
Little is also known of American Indian peoples, though these are somewhat studied in Jamaica.
Middle American peoples including those found in Panama can be connected. Meso-American peoples including those found in Mexico and Guatemala can be connected. Caribbean peoples such as those found in Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Haiti, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Puerto Rico can also be connected. Southwestern American Indians found in Mexico and parts of the United States can also be connected.
South American peoples were found in what is now Uruguay. Andean peoples such as those of Colombia, Argentina, Peru, Venezuela, Chile, Ecuador, and Bolivia can be connected. Amazonian peoples such as those of Brazil, Argentina, Bolivia, and Paraguay can be connected. Cono/Southern American Indian peoples such as those of Argentina and Chile can be connected.
North American Indian peoples were found in what is now the United States and Canada.
Only a few of the major cities of the world are thought to date to antiquity. Some that need to be considered include. [Poona, St. Petersburg, Kuala Lumpur, Nanking]
This can be applied to studies of the 5th millennium BC, the 4th millennium BC, the 3rd millennium BC, the 2nd millennium BC, and the early first millennium BC. Social change is vital. Particular movements are especially important. The agricultural revolution and beginnings of the Agrarian revolution are particularly important. Processes of change including innovation, transmission, adaptation, and extinction can also be considered. Some factors of change including institutional change, cultural change, demographic change, and natural change can be considered.
Social types including hunting and gathering, horticultural, and agrarian societies can be identified.
Social structure such as community and regional structure, class structure, institutional structure, cultural structure, and anthropological structure can be examined.