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The most useful aid to study of antiquity is investigation of the peoples of the world, communities, and social structure and changes. The development of these through the period of antiquity is noticeable. |
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Sociology can be applied to the 5th millennium BC, the 4th millennium BC, the 3rd millennium BC, the 2nd Millennium BC, and the early first millennium BC.
Asiatic peoples were best developed and documented. From archeological evidence, peoples of Western civilization had developed Neolithic, Bronze age, and finally Iron age culture, but there is little written information about them. There is some evidence of civilization among African peoples, and more among the American Indian peoples, but details about these are uncertain and must be determined with little if any help from written records. These can be applied to the 5th millennium BC, the 4th millennium BC, the 3rd millennium BC, the 2nd millennium BC, and the early first millennium BC.
Only a few of the major cities of the world are thought to date to antiquity. Some that need to be considered include. [Poona, St. Petersburg, Kuala Lumpur, Nanking]
This can be applied to studies of the 5th millennium BC, the 4th millennium BC, the 3rd millennium BC, the 2nd millennium BC, and the early first millennium BC.
Social change can be applied to studies of the 5th millennium BC, the 4th millennium BC, the 3rd millennium BC, the 2nd millennium BC, and the early 1st millennium BC.
Particular movements can be identified in the 5th millennium BC, and followed through the 4th millennium BC, the 3rd millennium BC, the 2nd millennium BC, and the early 1st millennium BC. The agricultural revolution was well underway in the 5th millennium BC, and continued through the 4th millennium BC. By the 3rd millennium BC, it was sufficiently complete that more settled peoples than hunter-gatherers can be identified. More developments can perhaps be followed through the 2nd millennium and early 1st millennium BC. The Agrarian revolution had begun and continued through the 5th millennium BC. In the 4th millennium BC it had spread throughout the middle east, and in the 3rd millennium BC was taking place in Europe and most of Asia. In about the 2nd millennium BC, it continued to develop. In the early 1st millennium it had become more general. Bronze age movements may have begun in the 5th millennium BC, and continued in the 4th millennium BC, 3rd millennium BC, and 2nd millennium BC. They seem to have been superseded by the early 1st millennium BC. Early iron age movements seem to have begun about the 2nd millennium BC and continued in the early 1st millennium BC.
Factors of change can be applied to antiquity. institutional change, cultural change, demographic change, and natural change can be considered.
Processes of change can be identified and applied to the 5th millennium BC, the 4th millennium BC, the 3rd millennium BC, the 2nd millennium BC, and the early 1st millennium BC. Innovation may be applied to antiquity. Transmission can be connected to antiquity. Adaptation can be connected to antiquity. Extinction can be connected to antiquity.
Social types can be applied to the 5th millennium BC, the 4th millennium BC, the 3rd millennium BC, the 2nd millennium BC, and the early 1st millennium BC. Hunting and gathering societies were present in antiquity. Horticultural societies were present in antiquity. Agrarian societies including early iron age and late iron age societies were present in antiquity.
Social structure and change can be applied to the early 1st millennium BC.
Community and regional structure can be applied to antiquity in general. Class structure can be applied to antiquity. Institutional structure can be applied to antiquity. Cultural structure can be applied to antiquity. Anthropological structure can be applied to antiquity.