3nd Millennium BC


This period will be divided into periods of 200 years. Bronze age civilizations of Mesopotamia, Iran, and Egypt arose, and historical events can be reconstructed from various inscriptions. The Harappan civilization of the Indus Valley flourished.	Sapience Home Site Map About Sapience History Antiquity Early 3rd millennium BC Early mid 3rd millennium BC Mid 3rd millennium BC Late mid 3rd millennium BC Late 3rd millennium BC

This period will be divided into periods of 200 years.

Bronze age civilizations of Mesopotamia, Iran, and Egypt arose, and historical events can be reconstructed from various inscriptions. The Harappan civilization of the Indus Valley flourished.

Early 3rd Millennium (3000 BC - 2800 BC)

c. 2925 BC. Menes is traditionally credited with unifying Egypt and with establishing the first dynasty of the Old Kingdom of Egypt

c. 2900 BC. Second dynasty of Old Kingdom of Egypt.

Protoliterate period of Sumerian culture.

Early mid 3rd Millennium (2800 BC-2600 BC)

c. 2700 BC. Third dynasty of Old Kingdom of Egypt.

Early dynastic age of Sumerian culture

Mid 3rd Millenium BC (2600-2400 BC)

c 2550 - c. 2500 BC. Fourth dynasty of Old Kingdom of Egypt. Khufu (Cheops) builds the Great Pyramid of Egypt.

c. 2500 BC. Fifth Dynasty, Old Kingdom of Egypt.

Early dynastic period of Sumerian culture.

Indus Valley civilization present

Late mid 3rd Millennium BC (2400-2200 BC)

c. 2350 Lugalzagezi of Umma establishes self as king of the land of Sumer.

c. 2340 Fifth Dynasty of Egypt ends, Old Kingdom with it

c. 2340 Sargon the Great established empire of Akkad in Mesopotamia.

Indus Valley Civilization at height.

Late 3rd Millennium BC (2200-2000 BC)

Gutians overthrew empire of Akkad

Gudea of Lagash ruled in Mesopotamia

c. 2100 BC. 3rd Dynasty of Ur founded in Mesopotamia

Middle Kingdom of Egypt founded. (Dynasty XI)


Other History Prehistory including early prehistory, middle prehistory, and late prehistory can be connected. The 5th millennium BC precedes this, and the 4th millennium BC immediately precedes it.	Links to other sites: Not yet developed.
This is followed by the 2nd millennium BC and the early 1st millennium. Classical and medieval history Much knowledge about the 3rd millennium BC was lost during classical and medieval times, but some information was preserved and copied. Early classical history including the 5th century BC, 4th century BC, 3rd century BC, 2nd century BC, and 1st century BC can be connected. Late classical history including the 1st century CE, 2nd century CE, 3rd century CE, 4th century CE, and 5th century CE can be connected. Early medieval times including the 6th century, 7th century, 8th century, 9th century, and 10th century can be connected. Late medieval history including the 11th century, 12th century, 13th century, 14th century, and 15th century can be connected. Modern history For most of this period, fragments of records from classical and medieval times were the only sources, but these were later supplemented by archaeological investigation. The 16th century including the early 16th century, early mid 16th century, mid 16th century, late mid 16th century, and late 16th century can be connected. The 17th century including the early 17th century, early mid 17th century, mid 17th century, late mid 17th century, and late 17th century can be identified. The 18th century including the early 18th century, early mid 18th century, mid 18th century, late mid 18th century, late 18th century, and late 18th century can be connected. In the 19th century, studies of this period accelerated considerably. The early 19th century, early mid 19th century, mid 19th century, late mid 19th century, and late 19th century can be connected. The 20th century including the early 20th century can be connected. The early mid 20th century including the early 1920s, late 1920s, early 1930s, and late 1930s can be connected. The mid 20th century including the early 1940s, late 1940s, early 1950s, and late 1950s can be connected. The late mid 20th century including the early 1960s, late 1960s, early 1970s, and late 1970s can be connected. The late 20th century including the early 1980s, late 1980s, early 1990s, and late 1990s can be connected. Early 21st century The early 2000s including 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, and 2005 can be connected. The late 2000s including 2006, 2007, 2007, 2009, and 2010 can be connected. The early 2010s can be connected. 2011 including the first quarter 2011, second quarter 2011, third quarter 2011, and fourth quarter 2011 can be connected. The future of these studies including the near future, middle future, and far future is obscure. Sociology Peoples of the world, communities, and social structure and change can be used to examine the early 3rd millennium BC, early mid 3rd millennium BC, mid 3rd millennium BC, late mid 3rd millennium BC, and late 3rd millennium BC. Institutions Religion Particular religions can possibly be identified. Pagan religion including Asian Pagan, European pagan, African pagan, American Indian pagan can be identified in some detail. Abrahamic religion and the early roots of Judaism may have originated. Asian religion including roots of Persian, Indian, and Oriental religion can possibly be distinguished. Religious organization including highly structured, fragmented, and loosely structured organization can be considered. Religious practice may be applicable. Religious beliefs can be examined. Government Particular governments can be identified. These were at first national or local. Government activity including state relations, administration, and succession can be connected. Government structure including government forms, heads of state, executive systems, legislative systems, and political parties and interest groups can be connnected. Law including Asiatic law and tribal law can be connected. Economics Economic systems including economic system behavior, economic system types, networks, and firms can be connected. Industries including commerical and financial, communications, transportation, social and medical, building and construction, extraction and manufacturing, and agriculture can be connected. Economic activity including consumption, distribution and exchange, and production can be connected. Education Schools including higher education, secondary education, and elementary education might be connected. Educational organization including administration, faculty, students, and course material can be considered. Cultural institutions including performance venues, libraries, and museums can be connected. Teaching can be connected. Research can be connected. Families Particular families can be connected. Kinship can be connected. Parenting can be connected. Marriage can be connected. Culture Culture is more developed in and for this period than for any preceding period. Behavioral culture Cultural events including disasters, holidays, gatherings, and miscellaneous events can be connected. Recreation and entertainment including sports, games, theater, dance, and music can be connected. Occupations including food related occupations, building-relted occupations, transportation occupations, communications occupations, industrial occupations, and service occupations can be connected. Customs including vital customs, living and dwelling customs, dress and adornment, social interaction, and institutional customs are useful. Recreation and entertainment can be described. Conceptual culture Philosophy including philosophical schools and doctrines, special topics, ethics, aesthetics, metaphysics, epistemology, and logic can be connected. Applied science including applied social science, accounting, information science, medical science, navigation, engineering science, and measurement can be connected. Mathematics including statistics, analysis, geometry, algebra, arithmetic, and mathematical foundations can be connected. Literature including literary works, types and genres, literary forms, and oral tradition can be connected. Graphic arts including printmaking, painting, and drawing can be connected. Language is especially important. Linguistics may be useful. Writing came into use. Languages of the world will be useful in studies of this period. Material culture Miscellaneous artifacts such as sculpture, musical instruments, toys, and medicines can be connected. Communications technology including graphic communication and written communication can be connected. Transportation technology including water transportation, land transportation, and packaging can be connected. Clothing including adornment, garments, and textiles can be connected. Foodstuffs including prepared foods, preserved and processed foods, and raw foodstuffs can be connected. Building technology including outdoor structures, compete buildings, building parts, furnishings, and materials can be connected. Industrial technology including advanced technology, utilities, chemical technology, fuels, weaponry, machinery, and tools can be connected. Anthropology Particular groups may perhaps be useful. Human geography including the geography of Europe, Asia, Africa, North America, South America, and Oceania can be considered. Asian geography including Southwest Asia, South Asia, Central Asia, Southeast Asia, East Asia, and North Asia is useful. Human ecology including environmental impact on humans, relationships with other life, and human impact on the environment is useful. Physical anthropology including human dispersion, racial variation, and human origins can be connected. Demography including population change, population size and structure, births, migration, and deaths may be applicable. Social foundations including social group behavior, social group types, social control, social interaction, and social presentation may be applicable. Personal studies Biography is useful. Prominent individuals include Menes and Khufu. Psychology including social psychology, personality, mental disorders, developmental psychology, behavior patterns, mind, and behavioral elements might be applyciable. Studies of the human body including form and appearance, life cycle, disease, body function, and body systems can be considered. Science Biology including biohistory, ecology, systematics, and organism biology may be useful. Earth science including geohistory, physical geography, atmospheric science, hydrospheric science, and geology might be applicable. Astronomy including stellar astronomy and local astronomy may be applicable. Chemistry including chemical systems, chemical changes, and substances may be applicable. Physics including the structure of matter, electromagnetisn, thermodynamics, and mechanics can be considered.

Other History

Prehistory including early prehistory, middle prehistory, and late prehistory can be connected. The 5th millennium BC precedes this, and the 4th millennium BC immediately precedes it.

Links to other sites: Not yet developed.

This is followed by the 2nd millennium BC and the early 1st millennium.

Classical and medieval history

Much knowledge about the 3rd millennium BC was lost during classical and medieval times, but some information was preserved and copied. Early classical history including the 5th century BC, 4th century BC, 3rd century BC, 2nd century BC, and 1st century BC can be connected. Late classical history including the 1st century CE, 2nd century CE, 3rd century CE, 4th century CE, and 5th century CE can be connected. Early medieval times including the 6th century, 7th century, 8th century, 9th century, and 10th century can be connected. Late medieval history including the 11th century, 12th century, 13th century, 14th century, and 15th century can be connected.

Modern history

For most of this period, fragments of records from classical and medieval times were the only sources, but these were later supplemented by archaeological investigation. The 16th century including the early 16th century, early mid 16th century, mid 16th century, late mid 16th century, and late 16th century can be connected. The 17th century including the early 17th century, early mid 17th century, mid 17th century, late mid 17th century, and late 17th century can be identified. The 18th century including the early 18th century, early mid 18th century, mid 18th century, late mid 18th century, late 18th century, and late 18th century can be connected. In the 19th century, studies of this period accelerated considerably. The early 19th century, early mid 19th century, mid 19th century, late mid 19th century, and late 19th century can be connected.

The 20th century including the early 20th century can be connected. The early mid 20th century including the early 1920s, late 1920s, early 1930s, and late 1930s can be connected. The mid 20th century including the early 1940s, late 1940s, early 1950s, and late 1950s can be connected. The late mid 20th century including the early 1960s, late 1960s, early 1970s, and late 1970s can be connected. The late 20th century including the early 1980s, late 1980s, early 1990s, and late 1990s can be connected.

Early 21st century

The early 2000s including 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, and 2005 can be connected. The late 2000s including 2006, 2007, 2007, 2009, and 2010 can be connected. The early 2010s can be connected. 2011 including the first quarter 2011, second quarter 2011, third quarter 2011, and fourth quarter 2011 can be connected.

The future of these studies including the near future, middle future, and far future is obscure.

Sociology

Peoples of the world, communities, and social structure and change can be used to examine the early 3rd millennium BC, early mid 3rd millennium BC, mid 3rd millennium BC, late mid 3rd millennium BC, and late 3rd millennium BC.

Institutions

Religion

Particular religions can possibly be identified. Pagan religion including Asian Pagan, European pagan, African pagan, American Indian pagan can be identified in some detail. Abrahamic religion and the early roots of Judaism may have originated. Asian religion including roots of Persian, Indian, and Oriental religion can possibly be distinguished. Religious organization including highly structured, fragmented, and loosely structured organization can be considered. Religious practice may be applicable. Religious beliefs can be examined.

Government

Particular governments can be identified. These were at first national or local. Government activity including state relations, administration, and succession can be connected. Government structure including government forms, heads of state, executive systems, legislative systems, and political parties and interest groups can be connnected. Law including Asiatic law and tribal law can be connected.

Economics

Economic systems including economic system behavior, economic system types, networks, and firms can be connected. Industries including commerical and financial, communications, transportation, social and medical, building and construction, extraction and manufacturing, and agriculture can be connected. Economic activity including consumption, distribution and exchange, and production can be connected.

Education

Schools including higher education, secondary education, and elementary education might be connected. Educational organization including administration, faculty, students, and course material can be considered. Cultural institutions including performance venues, libraries, and museums can be connected. Teaching can be connected. Research can be connected.

Families

Particular families can be connected. Kinship can be connected. Parenting can be connected. Marriage can be connected.

Culture

Culture is more developed in and for this period than for any preceding period.

Behavioral culture

Cultural events including disasters, holidays, gatherings, and miscellaneous events can be connected. Recreation and entertainment including sports, games, theater, dance, and music can be connected. Occupations including food related occupations, building-relted occupations, transportation occupations, communications occupations, industrial occupations, and service occupations can be connected. Customs including vital customs, living and dwelling customs, dress and adornment, social interaction, and institutional customs are useful. Recreation and entertainment can be described.

Conceptual culture

Philosophy including philosophical schools and doctrines, special topics, ethics, aesthetics, metaphysics, epistemology, and logic can be connected. Applied science including applied social science, accounting, information science, medical science, navigation, engineering science, and measurement can be connected. Mathematics including statistics, analysis, geometry, algebra, arithmetic, and mathematical foundations can be connected. Literature including literary works, types and genres, literary forms, and oral tradition can be connected. Graphic arts including printmaking, painting, and drawing can be connected. Language is especially important. Linguistics may be useful. Writing came into use. Languages of the world will be useful in studies of this period.

Material culture

Miscellaneous artifacts such as sculpture, musical instruments, toys, and medicines can be connected. Communications technology including graphic communication and written communication can be connected. Transportation technology including water transportation, land transportation, and packaging can be connected. Clothing including adornment, garments, and textiles can be connected. Foodstuffs including prepared foods, preserved and processed foods, and raw foodstuffs can be connected. Building technology including outdoor structures, compete buildings, building parts, furnishings, and materials can be connected. Industrial technology including advanced technology, utilities, chemical technology, fuels, weaponry, machinery, and tools can be connected.

Anthropology

Particular groups may perhaps be useful. Human geography including the geography of Europe, Asia, Africa, North America, South America, and Oceania can be considered. Asian geography including Southwest Asia, South Asia, Central Asia, Southeast Asia, East Asia, and North Asia is useful. Human ecology including environmental impact on humans, relationships with other life, and human impact on the environment is useful. Physical anthropology including human dispersion, racial variation, and human origins can be connected. Demography including population change, population size and structure, births, migration, and deaths may be applicable. Social foundations including social group behavior, social group types, social control, social interaction, and social presentation may be applicable.

Personal studies

Biography is useful. Prominent individuals include Menes and Khufu. Psychology including social psychology, personality, mental disorders, developmental psychology, behavior patterns, mind, and behavioral elements might be applyciable. Studies of the human body including form and appearance, life cycle, disease, body function, and body systems can be considered.

Science

Biology including biohistory, ecology, systematics, and organism biology may be useful. Earth science including geohistory, physical geography, atmospheric science, hydrospheric science, and geology might be applicable. Astronomy including stellar astronomy and local astronomy may be applicable. Chemistry including chemical systems, chemical changes, and substances may be applicable. Physics including the structure of matter, electromagnetisn, thermodynamics, and mechanics can be considered.