2nd Millennium BC


This period will be divided into periods of 200 years.	Sapience Home Site Map About Sapience History Antiquity

This period will be divided into periods of 200 years.

Early 2nd millennium (2000-1800 BC)

Indus Valley civilization collapsed.

Middle Minoan (Old Palace) period in Crete

Early-mid 2nd Millennium (1800-1600 BC)

c. 1786) Middle kingdom of Egypt (Dynasty XII) ends.

Hamurrabi unified Sumer and Babylon

Assyrians prospered in Mesopotamia

Hittites adaped Cuneiforn script to their language.

Alphabetic writing developed.

c. 1613 Eruption of Thera on Santorini

Mid 2nd Millennium (1600-1400 BC)

c. 1595 Kassite kingdom of Babylonia came to power

c. 1570 BC. Ahmose defeated Hyksos and founded New Kingdom of Egypt (Dynasty XVIII)

c. Hittites developed iron metallurgy

c. 1500 Mycenean kingdoms of Greece prospered.

c. 1500 Bronze-age Shang empire of China began.

c. 1600 - 1400 BC Moses, credited with principal authorship of the Torah (first five books of the Old Testament), lead Israelites from Egypt to Palestine.

Late-Mid 2nd Millennium (1400-1200 BC)

Hittite empire fell.

Events of Old Testament books of Joshua and Judges.

Late 2nd Millennium (1200-1000 BC)

c. 2000 - c. 1500 BC Approximate period of spread of Indo-European speaking peoples into Europe, Northern Middle East, and India.

Later events of Old Testament book of Judges. Early Kingdom period.


Physical and natural science will be at least indirectly useful to this period. Physics and chemistry are not as directly significant as astronomy, earth science, and biology. Personal studies. The human body and psychology are less generally applicable than biography. The only individual so far connected is Moses	Links to other sites: Not yet developed.
Anthropology. Social foundations, demography, and physical anthropology will be useful. Human ecology including environmental impact on people, relations with other life, and human impact on the environment can be considered. Human geography including European geography, African geography, North American Geography, South American Geography, and Oceanic geography will be useful. Asian geography including Southwest Asia, South Asia, Central Asia, Southeast Asia, East Asia, and North Asia can be considered. Particular groups may be significant for the understanding of of this period. Culture will be significant. Material culture including foodstuffs, clothing, buildings, transportation devices, communication devices, tools, and other artifacts can be examined in some detail. Conceptual culture including graphic arts, literature, mathematics, applied science, and philosophy can be examined. Language including linguistics, writing, and languages of the world can be investigated and is useful. Behavioral culture incuding customs recreation and entertainment and cultural events can be identified. Customs including vital customs, living and dwelling customs, dress and adornment customs, social interaction customs, and institutional customs can be considered. Occupations including food related, building related, transportation relted, communication related, industrial, and service occupations can be identified. Institutions Families including marriage, parenting, kinship, and particular families can be followed in greater detail. Education including research, teaching, cultural institutions, educational organization, and particular schools continued to develop. Economics including economic activities, industries, and economic systems can be considered. Government including law, government structure and activity can be examined. Particular governments include principally local and national governments. Religion including religious beliefs, practice, and organization can be considered. The roots of particular religions can be examined. Abrahamic religion was limited to the roots of Judaism. Asiatic religion including Persian religion, Indian religion, and Oriental can be examined. Pagan religion including Asian pagan, European pagan, African Pagan, and American Indian pagan remained predominant. Sociology Social structure and change is significant. Social structure including anthropological structure, cultural structure, institutional structure, and class structure can be considered. Social types include hunting and gathering societies, horticultural societies, and agrarian societies. Social change including social change factors and processes and particular change is useful. Communities are important, though few modern cities can be traced this far back. Peoples of the world may start with examination of particular nations. Myanmar, Ukraine, South Africa, Colombia might be considered. Asiatic peoples are significant. In South Korea, by tradition the Gosojeon kingdom was present. Among Middle Eastern peoples, Iran can be considered. The Hittite kingdoms of Turkey can be considered. Egypt can be considered. The New Kingdom was weaker than older kingdoms. Among South Asian peoples, in India and in Pakistan, the Harappan civilization was succeeded by what is called the Indo-Aryan synthesis. In Bangladesh, there may have been some influence from the Indo-European Aryans. Among Oriental peoples, in China the bronze age Shang culture arose and was succeeded by the western Chou. I have no information on Japan for this period. Among Southeast Asian peoples, I have no information on Indonesia for this period. I have little information on the Philippines for this period. I have no information on Vietnam for this period. I have no details for Thailand in this period. Western civilization has identifiable roots. In Italy, Indo-European speakers are thought to have entered. Among Anglic peoples, in what is now the UK, the Beaker people were finishing Stonehenge. Celtic peoples may have arrived. Among Latin peoples, in France there are signs of Bronze age culture, and Celtic peoples may have arrived. Among Northeast European peoples, Those who spoke languages belonging to the Indo-European family of languages may have spread from Russia. Among Germanic peoples, I have no information on Germany for this period. African peoples also need examination. It appears that Bantu-speaking peoples began to enter Congo. Among East African peoples, I have no information from Ethiopia at present. Among West African peoples, I have no information on Nigeria for this period. American Indian peoples also need examination. I have no information on Mexico for this period. South American Indian peoples can be connected. I have no information on Brazil for this period. North American Indian peoples such as are found in the United States may be connected. Other History Prehistory is only weakly connected to this period. Connections of earlier periods of antiquity up to the third millennium BC, which immediately precedes this, are rather weak. This is followed by the early first millennium. Connections with classical and medieval history are somewhat obscure. This period has been studied in modern history including the 17th century, 17th century, 18th century, 19th century, and 20th century. The future of these studies is obscure.

Physical and natural science will be at least indirectly useful to this period. Physics and chemistry are not as directly significant as astronomy, earth science, and biology.

Personal studies. The human body and psychology are less generally applicable than biography. The only individual so far connected is Moses

Links to other sites: Not yet developed.

Anthropology. Social foundations, demography, and physical anthropology will be useful. Human ecology including environmental impact on people, relations with other life, and human impact on the environment can be considered. Human geography including European geography, African geography, North American Geography, South American Geography, and Oceanic geography will be useful. Asian geography including Southwest Asia, South Asia, Central Asia, Southeast Asia, East Asia, and North Asia can be considered. Particular groups may be significant for the understanding of of this period.

Culture will be significant. Material culture including foodstuffs, clothing, buildings, transportation devices, communication devices, tools, and other artifacts can be examined in some detail. Conceptual culture including graphic arts, literature, mathematics, applied science, and philosophy can be examined. Language including linguistics, writing, and languages of the world can be investigated and is useful. Behavioral culture incuding customs recreation and entertainment and cultural events can be identified. Customs including vital customs, living and dwelling customs, dress and adornment customs, social interaction customs, and institutional customs can be considered. Occupations including food related, building related, transportation relted, communication related, industrial, and service occupations can be identified.

Institutions

Families including marriage, parenting, kinship, and particular families can be followed in greater detail. Education including research, teaching, cultural institutions, educational organization, and particular schools continued to develop. Economics including economic activities, industries, and economic systems can be considered. Government including law, government structure and activity can be examined. Particular governments include principally local and national governments. Religion including religious beliefs, practice, and organization can be considered. The roots of particular religions can be examined. Abrahamic religion was limited to the roots of Judaism. Asiatic religion including Persian religion, Indian religion, and Oriental can be examined. Pagan religion including Asian pagan, European pagan, African Pagan, and American Indian pagan remained predominant.

Sociology

Social structure and change is significant. Social structure including anthropological structure, cultural structure, institutional structure, and class structure can be considered. Social types include hunting and gathering societies, horticultural societies, and agrarian societies. Social change including social change factors and processes and particular change is useful. Communities are important, though few modern cities can be traced this far back. Peoples of the world may start with examination of particular nations. Myanmar, Ukraine, South Africa, Colombia might be considered.

Asiatic peoples are significant. In South Korea, by tradition the Gosojeon kingdom was present. Among Middle Eastern peoples, Iran can be considered. The Hittite kingdoms of Turkey can be considered. Egypt can be considered. The New Kingdom was weaker than older kingdoms. Among South Asian peoples, in India and in Pakistan, the Harappan civilization was succeeded by what is called the Indo-Aryan synthesis. In Bangladesh, there may have been some influence from the Indo-European Aryans. Among Oriental peoples, in China the bronze age Shang culture arose and was succeeded by the western Chou. I have no information on Japan for this period. Among Southeast Asian peoples, I have no information on Indonesia for this period. I have little information on the Philippines for this period. I have no information on Vietnam for this period. I have no details for Thailand in this period.

Western civilization has identifiable roots. In Italy, Indo-European speakers are thought to have entered. Among Anglic peoples, in what is now the UK, the Beaker people were finishing Stonehenge. Celtic peoples may have arrived. Among Latin peoples, in France there are signs of Bronze age culture, and Celtic peoples may have arrived. Among Northeast European peoples, Those who spoke languages belonging to the Indo-European family of languages may have spread from Russia. Among Germanic peoples, I have no information on Germany for this period.

African peoples also need examination. It appears that Bantu-speaking peoples began to enter Congo. Among East African peoples, I have no information from Ethiopia at present. Among West African peoples, I have no information on Nigeria for this period.

American Indian peoples also need examination. I have no information on Mexico for this period. South American Indian peoples can be connected. I have no information on Brazil for this period. North American Indian peoples such as are found in the United States may be connected.

Other History

Prehistory is only weakly connected to this period. Connections of earlier periods of antiquity up to the third millennium BC, which immediately precedes this, are rather weak.

This is followed by the early first millennium. Connections with classical and medieval history are somewhat obscure. This period has been studied in modern history including the 17th century, 17th century, 18th century, 19th century, and 20th century. The future of these studies is obscure.