Material Culture


This section contains information on man-made artifacts and objects. Divisions include natural resources, food and agricultral technology, industrial technology, building, transportation, communication, medical, and artistic works.	Sapience Home Site Map About Sapience Culture Foodstuffs Clothing Building technology Transportation technology Communications technology Industrial technology Other artifacts

This section contains information on man-made artifacts and objects. Divisions include natural resources, food and agricultral technology, industrial technology, building, transportation, communication, medical, and artistic works.

Culture

Miscellanous Artifacts

This includes categories of sculpture, musical instruments, medical technology, and toys and sporting equipment.

Communications technology

This includes broad categories of written communication, graphic communication, and electrical communication.

Transportation Technology

This includes broad categories of packaging, land transportation, water transportation, air transportation, and space transportation.

Clothing and dress

Foodstuffs

No major world events have yet been associated with this.

Building technology

1497 - 1547 Michelangelo creates artistic works in poetry, painting, sculpture, and architecture.

Industrial technology

This includes subjects of advanced technology, utilities, machinery, weaponry, chemical techology, fuels, and tools.


History The history of miscellaneous artifacts, communications technology, transportation technology, clothing, foodstuffs, building technology, and industrial technology can be examined in prehistory, antiquity, classical and medieval times, modern times, and the future.	Links to other sites: Not yet developed
Sociology Peoples of the world Particular nations such as Venezuela, Malaysia, North Korea, Ghana, Yemen, Taiwan, Romania, Mozambique, Sri Lanka, Australia, Madagascar, Syria, Cameroon, Cote d'Ivoire, Netherlands, Chile, Kazakhstan, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Malawi, Ecuador, Niger, Guatemala, Senegal, Angola, Zimbabwe, Mali, and Zambia are being used to examine this. Western civilization including nations such as Peru is important. Anglic peoples such as the United Kingdom, the United States, and Canada can be connected. Latin peoples including Spain are important. Italic peoples such as those of Italy can be connected. French peoples including France are important. Hispanic peoples such as those of Argentina can be connected. Hispanic Mexican American peoples such as those of Mexico can be connected. Hispanic Colombian American peoples such as those of Colombia can be connected. Lusitanic peoples including those of Brazil can be connected. Germanic peoples such as those of Germany can be connected. Northeast European peoples such as those of Russia, Ukraine, and Poland are important. Asiatic peoples including nations such as Saudi Arabia are significant. Middle Eastern peoples such as those of Afghanistan can be considered. Turkey can be connected. Egypt can be considered. Mesopotamian peoples including those of Iraq can be connected. Persian peoples such as those of Iran can be connected. North African peoples such as those of Morocco and Algeria can be connected. South Asian peoples such as those of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Nepal are significant. Central Asian peoples including those of Uzbekistan can be connected. Oriental peoples such as China, Japan, and South Korea are connected. Southeast Asian peoples such as those of Burma can be considered. Mainland Southeast Asian peoples such as those of Vietnam and Thailandcan also be connected. Peoples of the Southeast Asian Archipelagoes including Indonesia and the Philippines can be considered. African peoples such as those of Uganda can be connected. Eastern African peoples such as those of Kenya can be considered. Northern East African peoples such as those of Ethiopia can be considered. Interior East African peoples including those of Sudan can be connected. Central East African peoples such as those of Tanzania can be connected. Western African peoples such as those of Nigeria can be considered. Southern African peoples such as those of South Africa can be connected. Central African peoples such as those of Congo (DR) can be connected. American Indian peoples such as are found in Peru are also important. Middle American peoples such as those of the Mexico can be considered. Southwestern American Indian peoples such as those of the southwestern United States can be considered. South American peoples such as those of Argentina can be examined. Andean peoples such as those of Colombia can be connected. Amazonian peoples including those of Brazil can be connected. North American Indian peoples such as those of the United States and Canada can be followed. Eastern North American Indian peoples and Western North American Indian peoples can be connected. Northern North American peoples can be connected. Communities [Tokyo, Seoul, Mexico City, New York City] are significant to the examination of material culture. Social structure and change Social change Particular changes The agricultural revolution can be connected. The agrarian revolution including bronze age movements, early iron age movements, late iron age movements, and modernization can be connected. The industrial revolution including the early industrial revolution, middle industrial revolution, and late industrial revolution can be connected. Social change factors including natural change can be connected. Institutional change can be connected. Cultural change can be connected. Demographic change can be connected. Social change processes including transmission, adaptation, and extinction can be connected. Innovation can be connected. Social types Industrial societies can be connected. Agrarian societies can be connected. Horticultural societies usually have more material culture. Hunting and gathering societies have a limited material culture. Social structure Community and regional structure can be connected. Class structure can be connected. Institutional structure can be connected. Cultural structure can be connected. Anthropological structure can be connected.
Institutions Religion Particular religions including Asiatic religion, secularism, and pagan religion will be more or less influential. Abrahamic religion including Islam can be connected. Christianity including old Christianity, Catholicism, Orthodoxy, Prtestantism, and Mormonism can be connected. Judaism can be connected. Pagan religion including European pagan, Asian pagan, African pagan, American Indian pagan, and neopagan religion can be considered. Religious organization including unstructured, fragmented, and highly structured can be considered. Religious practice can be connected. Religious belief can be connected. Government Particular govenments including international government, national government, and local government can be connected. Government activity including state relations, administration, and succession can be connected. Government structure including government form, heads of state, executive systems, legislative systems, judicial systems, and political parties and interest groups can be connected. Law including international law, Western Law, Asiatic law, and tribal law can be connected. Economics Economic systems including economic system behavior, economic system types, networks, and firms can be connected. Industries including commercial and financial, communications, transportation, social and medical, building and construction, extraction and manufacturing, and agriculture can be connected. Economic activities including production, consumption, and distribution and exchange can be connected. Education Schools including higher education, secondary education, and primary education can be connected. Educational organization including administration, faculty, students, and course material can be connected. Cultural institutions including performance venues, libraries, and museums can be connected. Teaching can be connected. Research can be connected. Families Particular families can be connected. Kinship can be connected. Parenting can be connected. Marriage can be connected. Other Culture Behavioral culture Cultural events such as miscellanous events, disasters, gatherings, and holidays can be connected. Recreation and entertainment including performing arts, sports, games, dance, and music can be connected. Occupations including service occupations, industrial occupations, communications occupations, transportation occupations, building occupations, and food-related occupations can be connected. Customs including institutional customs, social interaction customs, clothing and dress, living and dwelling customs, and vital customs can be connected. Conceptual culture Philosophy including metaphysics, ethics, aesthetics, epistemology, and schools and doctrines will be explored. Applied science including such things as applied social science, accounting, information science, medical science, navigation, engineering science, and measurement can be connected. Mathematics including statistics, analysis, geometry, algebra, arithmetic, and mathematical foundations can be connected. Literature including literary works, literary types and genres, literary forms, and oral tradition can be connected. Graphic arts including animation, photography, printmaking, painting, and drawing can be connected. Language including languages of the world, writing, and linguistics can be connected. Anthropology Particular groups Particular groups are also of some interest. Human geography including Asian, African, North American, South American, and Oceanic geography is also valuable. European geography including Balkan geography, Italian geography, Iberian geography, East European geography, Central European geography, Northwest European geography, Island European geography, and Scandinavian geography can be connected. Human ecology, including the effects of the environment, other life forms, and the effects of people on the environment, is more useful. There is a vague connection with physical anthropology including human origins, racial variation, and human dispersion, but the details are not clear. Demography including births, death, migration, population structure, and population change has some connections. Social foundations including social presentation, interaction, social control, social group behavior, and group types have some connection. Personal studies Biography will be important to material culture. Notable contributors have included: Jesus Mohammed Buddha Confucius Paul Newton Ts'ai Lun Gutenberg Columbus Einstein Pasteur Galileo Psychology including the nervous system, behavioral elements, mind, behavior patterns, developmental psychology, mental distorers, personality, and social psychology is also important. The human body and body systems, functions, life cycle, disease, and form and appearance give this division much of its foundation. Science Biology including molecular biology, cell biology, organism biology, systematics, ecology, and biohistory will be vital.Earth science including geology, hydrospheric science, atmospheric science, physical geography, and geohistory can possibly be connected. Astronomy has a few connections. Although cosomology, galactic astronomy, and stellar astronomy are not closely connected, Solar system astronomy is sometimes useful. Chemistry is useful because material culture is made of matter and specific substances including elements, compounds, and mixtures. Changes including nuclear reactions, chemical reactions, and physical changes are applicable. Chemical systems including solid, liquid, gas, inorganic, and organic syctems are also applicable. Principles of physics can be applied. Material culture is subject to the laws of mechanics and can be described approximately sometimes, using particle mechanics, more closely using rigid body mechanics, and most accurately involving nonrigid mechanics. Gravitation is also a consideration. Thermodynamics including statistical mechanics, classical thermodynamics, and nonclassical thermodynamics can also be used. Electromagnetism including electrostatics, electric current, magnetism, and optics will be useful. Relativity and quantum theory are less directly useful. The structure of matter including subatomic physics, atomic physics, molecular physics, and bulk matter can be applied. Exotic forms of matter cannot yet be worked with.

History

The history of miscellaneous artifacts, communications technology, transportation technology, clothing, foodstuffs, building technology, and industrial technology can be examined in prehistory, antiquity, classical and medieval times, modern times, and the future.

Links to other sites:
Not yet developed

Sociology

Peoples of the world

Particular nations such as Venezuela, Malaysia, North Korea, Ghana, Yemen, Taiwan, Romania, Mozambique, Sri Lanka, Australia, Madagascar, Syria, Cameroon, Cote d'Ivoire, Netherlands, Chile, Kazakhstan, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Malawi, Ecuador, Niger, Guatemala, Senegal, Angola, Zimbabwe, Mali, and Zambia are being used to examine this.

Western civilization including nations such as Peru is important. Anglic peoples such as the United Kingdom, the United States, and Canada can be connected. Latin peoples including Spain are important. Italic peoples such as those of Italy can be connected. French peoples including France are important. Hispanic peoples such as those of Argentina can be connected. Hispanic Mexican American peoples such as those of Mexico can be connected. Hispanic Colombian American peoples such as those of Colombia can be connected. Lusitanic peoples including those of Brazil can be connected. Germanic peoples such as those of Germany can be connected. Northeast European peoples such as those of Russia, Ukraine, and Poland are important.

Asiatic peoples including nations such as Saudi Arabia are significant. Middle Eastern peoples such as those of Afghanistan can be considered. Turkey can be connected. Egypt can be considered. Mesopotamian peoples including those of Iraq can be connected. Persian peoples such as those of Iran can be connected. North African peoples such as those of Morocco and Algeria can be connected. South Asian peoples such as those of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Nepal are significant. Central Asian peoples including those of Uzbekistan can be connected. Oriental peoples such as China, Japan, and South Korea are connected. Southeast Asian peoples such as those of Burma can be considered. Mainland Southeast Asian peoples such as those of Vietnam and Thailandcan also be connected. Peoples of the Southeast Asian Archipelagoes including Indonesia and the Philippines can be considered.

African peoples such as those of Uganda can be connected. Eastern African peoples such as those of Kenya can be considered. Northern East African peoples such as those of Ethiopia can be considered. Interior East African peoples including those of Sudan can be connected. Central East African peoples such as those of Tanzania can be connected. Western African peoples such as those of Nigeria can be considered. Southern African peoples such as those of South Africa can be connected. Central African peoples such as those of Congo (DR) can be connected.

American Indian peoples such as are found in Peru are also important. Middle American peoples such as those of the Mexico can be considered. Southwestern American Indian peoples such as those of the southwestern United States can be considered. South American peoples such as those of Argentina can be examined. Andean peoples such as those of Colombia can be connected. Amazonian peoples including those of Brazil can be connected. North American Indian peoples such as those of the United States and Canada can be followed. Eastern North American Indian peoples and Western North American Indian peoples can be connected. Northern North American peoples can be connected.

Communities

[Tokyo, Seoul, Mexico City, New York City] are significant to the examination of material culture.

Social structure and change

Social change

Particular changes

The agricultural revolution can be connected. The agrarian revolution including bronze age movements, early iron age movements, late iron age movements, and modernization can be connected. The industrial revolution including the early industrial revolution, middle industrial revolution, and late industrial revolution can be connected.

Social change factors including natural change can be connected. Institutional change can be connected. Cultural change can be connected. Demographic change can be connected.

Social change processes including transmission, adaptation, and extinction can be connected. Innovation can be connected.

Social types

Industrial societies can be connected. Agrarian societies can be connected. Horticultural societies usually have more material culture. Hunting and gathering societies have a limited material culture.

Social structure

Community and regional structure can be connected. Class structure can be connected. Institutional structure can be connected. Cultural structure can be connected. Anthropological structure can be connected.

Institutions

Religion

Particular religions including Asiatic religion, secularism, and pagan religion will be more or less influential. Abrahamic religion including Islam can be connected. Christianity including old Christianity, Catholicism, Orthodoxy, Prtestantism, and Mormonism can be connected. Judaism can be connected. Pagan religion including European pagan, Asian pagan, African pagan, American Indian pagan, and neopagan religion can be considered.

Religious organization including unstructured, fragmented, and highly structured can be considered. Religious practice can be connected. Religious belief can be connected.

Government

Particular govenments including international government, national government, and local government can be connected. Government activity including state relations, administration, and succession can be connected. Government structure including government form, heads of state, executive systems, legislative systems, judicial systems, and political parties and interest groups can be connected. Law including international law, Western Law, Asiatic law, and tribal law can be connected.

Economics

Economic systems including economic system behavior, economic system types, networks, and firms can be connected. Industries including commercial and financial, communications, transportation, social and medical, building and construction, extraction and manufacturing, and agriculture can be connected. Economic activities including production, consumption, and distribution and exchange can be connected.

Education

Schools including higher education, secondary education, and primary education can be connected. Educational organization including administration, faculty, students, and course material can be connected. Cultural institutions including performance venues, libraries, and museums can be connected. Teaching can be connected. Research can be connected.

Families

Particular families can be connected. Kinship can be connected. Parenting can be connected. Marriage can be connected.

Other Culture

Behavioral culture

Cultural events such as miscellanous events, disasters, gatherings, and holidays can be connected. Recreation and entertainment including performing arts, sports, games, dance, and music can be connected. Occupations including service occupations, industrial occupations, communications occupations, transportation occupations, building occupations, and food-related occupations can be connected. Customs including institutional customs, social interaction customs, clothing and dress, living and dwelling customs, and vital customs can be connected.

Conceptual culture

Philosophy including metaphysics, ethics, aesthetics, epistemology, and schools and doctrines will be explored. Applied science including such things as applied social science, accounting, information science, medical science, navigation, engineering science, and measurement can be connected. Mathematics including statistics, analysis, geometry, algebra, arithmetic, and mathematical foundations can be connected. Literature including literary works, literary types and genres, literary forms, and oral tradition can be connected. Graphic arts including animation, photography, printmaking, painting, and drawing can be connected. Language including languages of the world, writing, and linguistics can be connected.

Anthropology

Particular groups

Particular groups are also of some interest.

Human geography including Asian, African, North American, South American, and Oceanic geography is also valuable. European geography including Balkan geography, Italian geography, Iberian geography, East European geography, Central European geography, Northwest European geography, Island European geography, and Scandinavian geography can be connected.

Human ecology, including the effects of the environment, other life forms, and the effects of people on the environment, is more useful. There is a vague connection with physical anthropology including human origins, racial variation, and human dispersion, but the details are not clear. Demography including births, death, migration, population structure, and population change has some connections. Social foundations including social presentation, interaction, social control, social group behavior, and group types have some connection.

Personal studies

Biography will be important to material culture. Notable contributors have included:

Psychology including the nervous system, behavioral elements, mind, behavior patterns, developmental psychology, mental distorers, personality, and social psychology is also important. The human body and body systems, functions, life cycle, disease, and form and appearance give this division much of its foundation.

Science

Biology including molecular biology, cell biology, organism biology, systematics, ecology, and biohistory will be vital.Earth science including geology, hydrospheric science, atmospheric science, physical geography, and geohistory can possibly be connected.

Astronomy has a few connections. Although cosomology, galactic astronomy, and stellar astronomy are not closely connected, Solar system astronomy is sometimes useful.

Chemistry is useful because material culture is made of matter and specific substances including elements, compounds, and mixtures. Changes including nuclear reactions, chemical reactions, and physical changes are applicable. Chemical systems including solid, liquid, gas, inorganic, and organic syctems are also applicable.

Principles of physics can be applied. Material culture is subject to the laws of mechanics and can be described approximately sometimes, using particle mechanics, more closely using rigid body mechanics, and most accurately involving nonrigid mechanics. Gravitation is also a consideration. Thermodynamics including statistical mechanics, classical thermodynamics, and nonclassical thermodynamics can also be used. Electromagnetism including electrostatics, electric current, magnetism, and optics will be useful. Relativity and quantum theory are less directly useful. The structure of matter including subatomic physics, atomic physics, molecular physics, and bulk matter can be applied. Exotic forms of matter cannot yet be worked with.

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