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Linguistics includes several subdivisions, at increasing levels of structure. These include phonetics, word forms, syntax, semantics, and linguistic change. |
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This includes such things as articulartory phonetics, how speech sounds are produced, acoustic phonetics, or how they are transmitted, and auditory phonetics, how they are heard. phonology deals with how sound functions, and phonemics with how sounds are represented in writing
This includes such things as syllables, which are here taken as combinations of sounds; Word stems, which are basic forms that can be altered in some way; affixes which include prefixes and suffixes, intonation, which includes such subjects as stress, pitch, rhythm, and tone, and variation, which combines the examination of various forms of a basic stem word.
This includes studies of parts of speech, or how words function in utterances; phrases, or combinations of words; sentence structure; and and grammatical transformations.
This is the study of the meaning and use of language and. It includes subjects of the lexicon or vocabulary; denotation, or the correspondence of words and utterances to external things or events; connotation, or emotional associations that words may have; and conceptual structure, which includes categories of words.
This includes processes of linguistic change, such as linguistic borrowing and alteration, and changes of pronunciation, grammar, and meaning over time, and the division or merging of languages.
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This will include connections to personal studies, anthropology, other areas of culture, institutions, sociology, and history. Science including physics, chemistry, astronomy, earth science, and biology seems to have only limited direct connections. |
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