Language


Studies of language include linguistics, writing, and languages of the world.	Sapience Home Site Map About Sapience Culture Conceptual Culture Linguistics Writing Languages of the world

Studies of language include linguistics, writing, and languages of the world.

Languages of the world

Languages of the world include a classification of language systems according to their origins.

Writing

Writing includes discussion of alphabetic writing, syllabic writing, and ideographic writing.

Linguistics

Linguistics has to do with the structure of language, It includes such things as phonetics, word forms, syntax or grammar, semantics or meaning and use, and language change.


History The history of language and languages can be partly reconstructed, but conclusions are somewhat tentative.
Prehistory The prehistory of language can be ipartially and tentatively reconstructed from existing and historically attested languages. Very little is known of early prehistory including the Pliocene, early Pleistocene, early mid Pleistocene, late mid Pleistocene, and late Pleistocene. Reconstruction is difficult for middle prehistory including the 5th decamillennium BP, 4th decamillennium BP, 3rd decamillennium BP, and 2nd decamillennium BP It is somewhat possible in Late prehistory including the 8th millennium BC, late 8th millennium BC, early 7th millennium BC, late 7th millennium BC, early 6th millennium BC, and late 6th millennium BC can be connected. Antiquity The 5th millennium BC including the early 5th millennium BC, early mid 5th millennium BC, mid 5th millennium BC, late mid 5th millennium BC, and late 5thmillennium BC can be connected. The 4th millennium BC including the early 4th millennium BC, early mid 4th millennium BC, mid 4th millennium BC, late mid 4th millennium BC, and late 4th millennium BC can be connected. The 3rd millennium BC including the early 3rd millennium BC, early mid 3rd millennium BC, mid 3rd millennium BC, late mid 3rd millennium BC, and late 3rd millennium BC can be connected. The 2nd millennium BC including the early 2nd millennium BC, early mid 2nd millennium BC, mid 2nd millennium BC, late mid 2nd millennium BC, and late 2nd millennium BC can be connected. The early first millennium BC including the 10th century BC, 9th century BC, 8th century BC, 7th century BC, and 6th century BC can be connected. Classical and medieval history Early classical times including the 5th century CE, 4th century CE, 3rd century CE, 2nd century CE, and 1st century CE can be connected. Late classical times including the 1st century CE, 2nd century CE, 3rd century CE, 4th century CE, and 5th century CE is also useful. Early medieval history including the 6th century, 7th century, 8th century, 9th century, and 10th century can be connected. Late medieval history including the 11th century, 12th century, 13th century, 14th century, and 15th century can be connected. Modern history The 16th century including the early 16th century, early mid 16th century, mid 16th century, late mid 16th century, and late 16th century can be connected. The 17th century including the early 17th century, early mid 17th century, mid 17th century, late mid 17th century, and late 17th century can be connected. The 18th century including the early 18th century, early mid 18th century, mid 18th century, late mid 18th century, and late 18th century can be connected. The 19th century including the early 19th century and early mid 19th century can be connected. The mid 19th century including the early 1840s, late 1840s, early 1850s, and late 1850s can be connected. The late mid 19th century including the early 1860s, late 1860s, early 1870s, and late 1870s can be connected. The late 19th century including the early 1880s, late 1880s, early 1890s, and late 1890s can be connected. 20th century The early 20th century including the early 1900s, late 1900s, early 1910s, and late 1910s can be connected. The early-mid 20th century including the early 1920s, late 1920s, early 1930s, and late 1930s can be connected. The mid 20th century including the early 1940s, late 1940s, early 1950s, and late 1950s can be connected. The late-mid 20th century including the early 1960s, late 1960s, early 1970s, late 1970s, and early 1980s can be connected. The late 20th century including the early 1980s, late 1980s, early 1990s, and late 1990s can be connected. Early 21st century The early 2000s including 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, and 2005 can be connected. The late 2000s including 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, and 2010 can be connected. The early 2010s can be connected. 2011 can be connected. The first quarter 2011 including January 2011, February 2011, and March 2011 can be connected. The second quarter 2011 and third quarter 2011 can be considered. Their future is undetermined. Sociology The role of various peoples of the world including Western civilization, Asiatic peoples, African peoples, and American indian peoples will be highly significant to its study. Particular nations such as the United States, China, India, and Indonesia can be connected. Communities include Tokyo, Seoul, Mexico City, and New York City. Social structure and change Social change including particular changes, social change processes, and social change factors can be connected. Social types including hunting and gathering societies, horticultural societies, agrarian societies, and industrial societies can be connected. Social structure including community and regional structure, class structure, institutional structure, cultural structure, and anthropological structure can be connected. Institutions Religion including religious belief, practice, and organization has an influence on language. Particular religions including Abrahamic religion, secularism, Asiatic religion, and pagan religion can be connected. Government including law, government structure, government activities, and particular government has some influence on language. Economics including economic activities, industries, and economic systems has an influence on language. Education including schools, educational organization, cultural institutions, teaching, and research can be connected. Families including particular families, kinship, parenting, and marriage can be connected. Other Culture Behavioral culture including cultural events, recreation and entertainment, occupations, and customs can be connected. Other conceptual culture Areas such as graphic arts, literature and mathematics may be useful. Philosophy including philosophical schools and doctrines, special topics, ethics, aesthetics, metaphysics, epistemology, and logic can be connected. Applied science including applied social science, accounting, information science, medical science, navigation, engineering science, and measurement may be connected. This is somewhat connected to material culture. Foostuffs, clothing and dress, building technology, communication technology, industrial technology, and other artifacts all influence language. Connections of anthropology will be discussed as the site develops. These include social foundations and demography. Particular groups will be mentioned as they develop. Human geography serves as the basis for linguistic geography. European geography, Asiatic geography, African geography, North American geography, South American geography, and Oceanic geography can be considered. Human ecology including human effects on the environment, relations with other life, and effects of the environment on people can be connected. Physical anthropology including human dispersion, racial variation, and human origins can be connected. Personal studies are highly important. Human speech is connected to particular features of the human body, including body systems, body functions, life dycle, disease, and apparance. It is also connected to psychology. Particular individuals that can be connected include students of language. The connections of science include the physics of speech. Chemistry and astronomy are not particularly important in language. Earth science and biology are mostly indirectly significant.

History

The history of language and languages can be partly reconstructed, but conclusions are somewhat tentative.

Prehistory

The prehistory of language can be ipartially and tentatively reconstructed from existing and historically attested languages.

Very little is known of early prehistory including the Pliocene, early Pleistocene, early mid Pleistocene, late mid Pleistocene, and late Pleistocene. Reconstruction is difficult for middle prehistory including the 5th decamillennium BP, 4th decamillennium BP, 3rd decamillennium BP, and 2nd decamillennium BP It is somewhat possible in Late prehistory including the 8th millennium BC, late 8th millennium BC, early 7th millennium BC, late 7th millennium BC, early 6th millennium BC, and late 6th millennium BC can be connected.

Antiquity

The 5th millennium BC including the early 5th millennium BC, early mid 5th millennium BC, mid 5th millennium BC, late mid 5th millennium BC, and late 5thmillennium BC can be connected. The 4th millennium BC including the early 4th millennium BC, early mid 4th millennium BC, mid 4th millennium BC, late mid 4th millennium BC, and late 4th millennium BC can be connected. The 3rd millennium BC including the early 3rd millennium BC, early mid 3rd millennium BC, mid 3rd millennium BC, late mid 3rd millennium BC, and late 3rd millennium BC can be connected. The 2nd millennium BC including the early 2nd millennium BC, early mid 2nd millennium BC, mid 2nd millennium BC, late mid 2nd millennium BC, and late 2nd millennium BC can be connected. The early first millennium BC including the 10th century BC, 9th century BC, 8th century BC, 7th century BC, and 6th century BC can be connected.

Classical and medieval history

Early classical times including the 5th century CE, 4th century CE, 3rd century CE, 2nd century CE, and 1st century CE can be connected. Late classical times including the 1st century CE, 2nd century CE, 3rd century CE, 4th century CE, and 5th century CE is also useful. Early medieval history including the 6th century, 7th century, 8th century, 9th century, and 10th century can be connected. Late medieval history including the 11th century, 12th century, 13th century, 14th century, and 15th century can be connected.

Modern history

The 16th century including the early 16th century, early mid 16th century, mid 16th century, late mid 16th century, and late 16th century can be connected. The 17th century including the early 17th century, early mid 17th century, mid 17th century, late mid 17th century, and late 17th century can be connected. The 18th century including the early 18th century, early mid 18th century, mid 18th century, late mid 18th century, and late 18th century can be connected.

The 19th century including the early 19th century and early mid 19th century can be connected. The mid 19th century including the early 1840s, late 1840s, early 1850s, and late 1850s can be connected. The late mid 19th century including the early 1860s, late 1860s, early 1870s, and late 1870s can be connected. The late 19th century including the early 1880s, late 1880s, early 1890s, and late 1890s can be connected.

20th century

The early 20th century including the early 1900s, late 1900s, early 1910s, and late 1910s can be connected. The early-mid 20th century including the early 1920s, late 1920s, early 1930s, and late 1930s can be connected. The mid 20th century including the early 1940s, late 1940s, early 1950s, and late 1950s can be connected. The late-mid 20th century including the early 1960s, late 1960s, early 1970s, late 1970s, and early 1980s can be connected. The late 20th century including the early 1980s, late 1980s, early 1990s, and late 1990s can be connected.

Early 21st century

The early 2000s including 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, and 2005 can be connected. The late 2000s including 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, and 2010 can be connected. The early 2010s can be connected. 2011 can be connected. The first quarter 2011 including January 2011, February 2011, and March 2011 can be connected. The second quarter 2011 and third quarter 2011 can be considered. Their future is undetermined.

Sociology

The role of various peoples of the world including Western civilization, Asiatic peoples, African peoples, and American indian peoples will be highly significant to its study. Particular nations such as the United States, China, India, and Indonesia can be connected. Communities include Tokyo, Seoul, Mexico City, and New York City.

Social structure and change

Social change including particular changes, social change processes, and social change factors can be connected. Social types including hunting and gathering societies, horticultural societies, agrarian societies, and industrial societies can be connected. Social structure including community and regional structure, class structure, institutional structure, cultural structure, and anthropological structure can be connected.

Institutions

Religion including religious belief, practice, and organization has an influence on language. Particular religions including Abrahamic religion, secularism, Asiatic religion, and pagan religion can be connected.

Government including law, government structure, government activities, and particular government has some influence on language. Economics including economic activities, industries, and economic systems has an influence on language. Education including schools, educational organization, cultural institutions, teaching, and research can be connected. Families including particular families, kinship, parenting, and marriage can be connected.

Other Culture

Behavioral culture including cultural events, recreation and entertainment, occupations, and customs can be connected.

Other conceptual culture

Areas such as graphic arts, literature and mathematics may be useful. Philosophy including philosophical schools and doctrines, special topics, ethics, aesthetics, metaphysics, epistemology, and logic can be connected. Applied science including applied social science, accounting, information science, medical science, navigation, engineering science, and measurement may be connected.

This is somewhat connected to material culture. Foostuffs, clothing and dress, building technology, communication technology, industrial technology, and other artifacts all influence language.

Connections of anthropology will be discussed as the site develops. These include social foundations and demography. Particular groups will be mentioned as they develop. Human geography serves as the basis for linguistic geography. European geography, Asiatic geography, African geography, North American geography, South American geography, and Oceanic geography can be considered. Human ecology including human effects on the environment, relations with other life, and effects of the environment on people can be connected. Physical anthropology including human dispersion, racial variation, and human origins can be connected.

Personal studies are highly important. Human speech is connected to particular features of the human body, including body systems, body functions, life dycle, disease, and apparance. It is also connected to psychology. Particular individuals that can be connected include students of language.

The connections of science include the physics of speech. Chemistry and astronomy are not particularly important in language. Earth science and biology are mostly indirectly significant.