Conceptual culture


This section includes language, graphic arts, literature, mathematics, applied science, and philosophy.	Sapience Home Site Map About Sapience Culture Language Graphic Arts Literature Mathematics Applied Science Philosophy

This section includes language, graphic arts, literature, mathematics, applied science, and philosophy.

Culture

Language

Studies of language include linguistics, which has to do with the structure of language, systems of writing, and languages of the world.

Graphic Arts

Graphic arts include drawing, painting, printmaking, photography, computer graphics, and other related subjects.

Literature

For the present, literature can be roughly divided into oral tradition , Literary forms, literary types, and Works of literature. This classification is subject to change as more works are added.

Mathematics

Mathematics can be roughly divided into areas of mathematical foundations, arithmetic, algebra, analysis, geometry, and statistics.

Applied Science

Applied science includes technical branches of knowledge dependent on human practices and conventions as measurement, engineering, navigation, medical science, information and computer science, accounting, and applied social science.

Philosophy

Philosophy includes studies of metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, aesthetics, and philosophical schools and doctrines, as well as other areas.


There are strong connections of conceptual culture to various aspects of science and nature. Physics has influenced conceptual culture somewhat. Mechanics including particle mechanics, rigid body mechanics, advanced mechanics, and gravitation has been useful. Thermodynamics including statistical mechanics, classical thermodyamics, nonclassical thermodynamics has also been useful because of discussions of heat.
Electromagnetism including electrostatics, electric current, magnetism, and optics are useful, especially in modern times, and because they include discussion of light. Relativity is widely misunderstood, but special and general relativity have also been influential. Quantum physics has also been useful. The structure of matter including subatomic physics, atomic physics, molecular physics, bulk matter, and exotic matter has been useful. Chemistry including substances, changes, and chemical systems may also be useful. Astronomy including cosmology, galactic astronomy, stellar astronomy, and local astronomy will also be useful. Earth science including geology, hydrospheric science, atmospheric science, physical geography and specifically terrestrial geography, and geohistory can also be considered. Biology including molecular biology, cell biology, organism biology, systematics, ecology, and biohistory can also be considered. Personal studies The human body and body structure, body functions, disease, life cycle, and form and appearance is significant. Conceptual culture depends heavily on pyschology including behavioral elements, mind, behavior patterns, developmental psychology, mental disorders, personality, and social pychology. Biographies of authors and originators will also be considered. Some of these include: Jesus Mohammed Newton Buddha Confucius Paul Gutenberg Columbus Einstein Pasteur Galileo Aristotle Euclid Moses Darwin Shih Huang Ti Archimedes Caesar Augustine Aquinas Copernicus Luther Lavoisier Faraday Maxwell Anthropology Social foundations have a significant effect on conceptual culture. Social presentation, social interaction, social control, group behavior, and types of groups influence it. Demography including birth, migration, death, population size and structure, and population change can also be used to examine it. Applications of Physical anthropology including human origins, racial variations, and human dispersion do not seem obvious at present may be useful. Human ecology including the environmental influence, relations with other life, and the influence of the people on the environment will be useful. Human geography such as European geography and Asian geography including Southwest Asia will be useful. Particular groups will also be significant. Other Culture Connections with material culture are varied. Natural resources are indirectly useful, as is agricultural technology. Industrial technology has its uses. Building and transportation technology is minimally useful. Communication technology is essential. Other artifacts are are also useful. Connections to behavioral culture including customs and occupations are important. Recreation and entertainment including music, literature, theater, games, and sports can be considered. Cultural events such as miscellaneous events, meetings, holidays, and disasters will also be developed. Institutions Families including marriage, parenting, kinship, and particular families may be useful. Education including research, teaching, cultural institutions, educational organization, and particular sschools will be important. Economics including economic activities, and industries are significant. Economic systems including firms, networks, economic system types, and economic system behavior can be connected. government, including law, government activity, government organization, and particular governments, and Religion including religions belief and practice has an important roles in the description and development of conceptual culture. Religious organization may also have a role. Particular traditions including abrahamic, Asiatic, secular, and pagan religions will be useful. Sociology Connections to social structure and change will be useful. Social structure including anthropological structure, cultural structure, institutional structure, and class structure may be significant. Social types will be important. Hunting and gathering societies and horitcultural societies have contributed less than agrarian societies and industrial societies. Social change including factors will be important. Social change processes such as innovation, transmission, adaptation, and extinction can be considered. Particular changes such as the agricultural revolution, agrarian revolution, and industrial revolution may be significant. Connections to communities [including Tokyo Seoul, Mexico City,and New York City] will be useful. Connections to the various peoples of the world are most familiar. Particular nations do not yet have enough detail on this site, though Turkey, Iran, Thailand, and France are prominent. Culture of Western civilization is most familiar. Particular nations of Germany can be usefully examined. Anglic peoples such a found in the United States including North American, British, and Austrialian peoples, are especially important. Contributions from Latin peoples including those of Mexico are important. Lusitanic people including those of Brazil can be connected. Northeast European peoples including Russia can be examined. Germanic, Balkan, and Scandinavian peoples are also more or less accessible. The concepts of Asiatic civilization and nations such as Egypt including Middle Eastern, South Asian peoples such as those of India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, Oriental peoples such as those of China and Japan, Southeast Asian such as those of Indonesia and the Philippines, and Vietnam and Central asian peoples are generally not well known or understood in western civilization. Conceptual culture of African peoples including those of Ethiopia can be developed. West African peoples including those of Nigeria provide examples. American Indian peoples including those of Mexico lack detail at present. South American Indians such as those found in Brazil and North American Indans such as those found in the United States can be considered. History The historical summary of conceptual culture is at present inadequate: As the site develops and more details of specific areas of culture are filled in, it should become possible to improve this treatment. Some of conceptual culture is traceable to prehistory. Very little of it seems to date to early prehistory, but middle prehistory and late prehistory have better evidence of it. However, the most important developments took place in antiquity. In the 5th millennium BC and the 4th millennium BC I have little information. Literate bronze age civilization dates to about the 3rd millennium BC, and from this time on, conceptual culture began to explode, compared to earlier times. The 2nd millennium BC has even more evidence of literate culture. The early first millennium BC is also significant. During classical and medieval times conceptual culture contined to develop. There was considerable development in early classical times. The works of Confucius began to circulate in Asia. In late classical times, accounts of the life of Jesus were circulated and inspired a great body of literature and philosophy. In early medieval times, the work of Mohammed inspired another great body of influential literature and philosophy. There was further development in late medieval times. Its modern history is complex and has been greatly influenced by the development of printing and recording technology. Details of the 16th century are not yet included. In the 17th the works of Newton were important in mathematics and natural philosophy. I do not have yet details of the early 17th century, early mid 17th century, mid 17th century, late mid 17th century, or late 17th century. The 18th centuries is not yet discussed in detail, although numerous important works were written in the early 18th century, the early-mid 18th century, the mid 18th century, the late-mid 18th century, and the late 18th century. Conceptual culture developed substantially in the 19th century In the early 19th century, the early-mid 19th century, and the mid-19th century, I have not yet included many details. In the late-mid 19th century, photography began to become popular. Other developments are more difficult to summarize. In the late 19th century, literature was much concerned with social reforms. The 20th century has been even more active. In the early 20th century, World War I was an important influence. In the early-mid 20th century, developments and changes came with increasing speed. In the mid 20th century, photographic printing, and journalism thrived. In the late-mid 20th century, there was substantial attention to color photography, and too many developments in literature to summarize. Details of the early 1960s, late 1960s, early 1970s, and late 1970s can be connected. In the late 20th century, computer graphics, nonwestern literature, and other developments have drawn attention. I do not yet have details for the early 1980s, late 1980s, early 1990s, late 1990s, in particular 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, or 2000. Recent events in the early 21st century including the early 2000s are too new and numerous to summarize at present. These include recent events of 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005. The late 2000s including 2006 down to the first quarter, second quarter, third quarter, and fourth quarter, and 2007 down to the first quarter, second quarter, third quarter including July, August, and September and fourth quarter during October, November, and December are recent. 2008 including the first quarter with January, February, and March, the second quarter with April, May, and June, and the third quarter with July, August, and September can also be considered. The fourth quarter including October and November can also be connected. The future includes the near future, which includes next month (November 2008 and December 2008), next quarter, and next year. The middle future and far future are obscure.

There are strong connections of conceptual culture to various aspects of science and nature. Physics has influenced conceptual culture somewhat. Mechanics including particle mechanics, rigid body mechanics, advanced mechanics, and gravitation has been useful. Thermodynamics including statistical mechanics, classical thermodyamics, nonclassical thermodynamics has also been useful because of discussions of heat.

Electromagnetism including electrostatics, electric current, magnetism, and optics are useful, especially in modern times, and because they include discussion of light. Relativity is widely misunderstood, but special and general relativity have also been influential. Quantum physics has also been useful. The structure of matter including subatomic physics, atomic physics, molecular physics, bulk matter, and exotic matter has been useful. Chemistry including substances, changes, and chemical systems may also be useful. Astronomy including cosmology, galactic astronomy, stellar astronomy, and local astronomy will also be useful. Earth science including geology, hydrospheric science, atmospheric science, physical geography and specifically terrestrial geography, and geohistory can also be considered. Biology including molecular biology, cell biology, organism biology, systematics, ecology, and biohistory can also be considered.

Personal studies

The human body and body structure, body functions, disease, life cycle, and form and appearance is significant. Conceptual culture depends heavily on pyschology including behavioral elements, mind, behavior patterns, developmental psychology, mental disorders, personality, and social pychology. Biographies of authors and originators will also be considered. Some of these include:

Anthropology

Social foundations have a significant effect on conceptual culture. Social presentation, social interaction, social control, group behavior, and types of groups influence it. Demography including birth, migration, death, population size and structure, and population change can also be used to examine it. Applications of Physical anthropology including human origins, racial variations, and human dispersion do not seem obvious at present may be useful. Human ecology including the environmental influence, relations with other life, and the influence of the people on the environment will be useful. Human geography such as European geography and Asian geography including Southwest Asia will be useful. Particular groups will also be significant.

Other Culture

Connections with material culture are varied. Natural resources are indirectly useful, as is agricultural technology. Industrial technology has its uses. Building and transportation technology is minimally useful. Communication technology is essential. Other artifacts are are also useful.

Connections to behavioral culture including customs and occupations are important. Recreation and entertainment including music, literature, theater, games, and sports can be considered. Cultural events such as miscellaneous events, meetings, holidays, and disasters will also be developed.

Institutions

Families including marriage, parenting, kinship, and particular families may be useful. Education including research, teaching, cultural institutions, educational organization, and particular sschools will be important. Economics including economic activities, and industries are significant. Economic systems including firms, networks, economic system types, and economic system behavior can be connected. government, including law, government activity, government organization, and particular governments, and Religion including religions belief and practice has an important roles in the description and development of conceptual culture. Religious organization may also have a role. Particular traditions including abrahamic, Asiatic, secular, and pagan religions will be useful.

Sociology

Connections to social structure and change will be useful. Social structure including anthropological structure, cultural structure, institutional structure, and class structure may be significant. Social types will be important. Hunting and gathering societies and horitcultural societies have contributed less than agrarian societies and industrial societies. Social change including factors will be important. Social change processes such as innovation, transmission, adaptation, and extinction can be considered. Particular changes such as the agricultural revolution, agrarian revolution, and industrial revolution may be significant. Connections to communities [including Tokyo Seoul, Mexico City,and New York City] will be useful. Connections to the various peoples of the world are most familiar. Particular nations do not yet have enough detail on this site, though Turkey, Iran, Thailand, and France are prominent.

Culture of Western civilization is most familiar. Particular nations of Germany can be usefully examined. Anglic peoples such a found in the United States including North American, British, and Austrialian peoples, are especially important. Contributions from Latin peoples including those of Mexico are important. Lusitanic people including those of Brazil can be connected. Northeast European peoples including Russia can be examined. Germanic, Balkan, and Scandinavian peoples are also more or less accessible.

The concepts of Asiatic civilization and nations such as Egypt including Middle Eastern, South Asian peoples such as those of India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, Oriental peoples such as those of China and Japan, Southeast Asian such as those of Indonesia and the Philippines, and Vietnam and Central asian peoples are generally not well known or understood in western civilization.

Conceptual culture of African peoples including those of Ethiopia can be developed. West African peoples including those of Nigeria provide examples.

American Indian peoples including those of Mexico lack detail at present. South American Indians such as those found in Brazil and North American Indans such as those found in the United States can be considered.

History

The historical summary of conceptual culture is at present inadequate: As the site develops and more details of specific areas of culture are filled in, it should become possible to improve this treatment. Some of conceptual culture is traceable to prehistory. Very little of it seems to date to early prehistory, but middle prehistory and late prehistory have better evidence of it.

However, the most important developments took place in antiquity. In the 5th millennium BC and the 4th millennium BC I have little information. Literate bronze age civilization dates to about the 3rd millennium BC, and from this time on, conceptual culture began to explode, compared to earlier times. The 2nd millennium BC has even more evidence of literate culture. The early first millennium BC is also significant.

During classical and medieval times conceptual culture contined to develop. There was considerable development in early classical times. The works of Confucius began to circulate in Asia. In late classical times, accounts of the life of Jesus were circulated and inspired a great body of literature and philosophy. In early medieval times, the work of Mohammed inspired another great body of influential literature and philosophy. There was further development in late medieval times.

Its modern history is complex and has been greatly influenced by the development of printing and recording technology. Details of the 16th century are not yet included. In the 17th the works of Newton were important in mathematics and natural philosophy. I do not have yet details of the early 17th century, early mid 17th century, mid 17th century, late mid 17th century, or late 17th century.

The 18th centuries is not yet discussed in detail, although numerous important works were written in the early 18th century, the early-mid 18th century, the mid 18th century, the late-mid 18th century, and the late 18th century.

Conceptual culture developed substantially in the 19th century In the early 19th century, the early-mid 19th century, and the mid-19th century, I have not yet included many details. In the late-mid 19th century, photography began to become popular. Other developments are more difficult to summarize. In the late 19th century, literature was much concerned with social reforms.

The 20th century has been even more active. In the early 20th century, World War I was an important influence. In the early-mid 20th century, developments and changes came with increasing speed. In the mid 20th century, photographic printing, and journalism thrived. In the late-mid 20th century, there was substantial attention to color photography, and too many developments in literature to summarize. Details of the early 1960s, late 1960s, early 1970s, and late 1970s can be connected.

In the late 20th century, computer graphics, nonwestern literature, and other developments have drawn attention. I do not yet have details for the early 1980s, late 1980s, early 1990s, late 1990s, in particular 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, or 2000.

Recent events in the early 21st century including the early 2000s are too new and numerous to summarize at present. These include recent events of 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005.

The late 2000s including 2006 down to the first quarter, second quarter, third quarter, and fourth quarter, and 2007 down to the first quarter, second quarter, third quarter including July, August, and September and fourth quarter during October, November, and December are recent.

2008 including the first quarter with January, February, and March, the second quarter with April, May, and June, and the third quarter with July, August, and September can also be considered. The fourth quarter including October and November can also be connected.

The future includes the near future, which includes next month (November 2008 and December 2008), next quarter, and next year. The middle future and far future are obscure.

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