Conceptual culture


This section includes philosophy, applied science, mathematics, literature, graphic arts, and language.	Sapience Home Site Map About Sapience Culture Philosophy Applied Science Mathematics Literature Graphic Arts Language

This section includes philosophy, applied science, mathematics, literature, graphic arts, and language.

Culture

Philosophy

Philosophy includes studies of philosophical schools and doctrines, special topics, aesthetics, ethics, epistemology, metaphysics, and logic, as well as other areas.

Applied Science

Applied science includes technical branches of knowledge dependent on human practices and conventions as applied social science, accounting, information and computer science, medical science, navigation, engineering, and measurement.

Mathematics

Mathematics can be roughly divided into areas of statistics, geometry, analysis, algebra, arithmetic, and mathematical foundations.

Literature

For the present, literature can be roughly divided into works of literature, literary types, Literary forms, and oral tradition. This classification is subject to change as more works are added.

Graphic Arts

Graphic arts include drawing, painting, printmaking, photography, computer graphics, and other related subjects.

Language

Studies of language include languages of the world, systems of writing, and linguistics, which has to do with the structure of language.


History The historical summary of conceptual culture is at present inadequate: As the site develops and more details of specific areas of culture are filled in, it should become possible to improve this treatment. Some of conceptual culture is traceable to prehistory. Very little of it seems to date to early prehistory, but middle prehistory and late prehistory have better evidence of it.
However, the most important developments took place in antiquity. In the 5th millennium BC and the 4th millennium BC I have little information. Literate bronze age civilization dates to about the 3rd millennium BC, and from this time on, conceptual culture began to explode, compared to earlier times. The 2nd millennium BC has even more evidence of literate culture. The early first millennium BC is also significant. During classical and medieval times conceptual culture contined to develop. There was considerable development in early classical times. The works of Confucius began to circulate in Asia. In late classical times, accounts of the life of Jesus were circulated and inspired a great body of literature and philosophy. In early medieval times, the work of Mohammed inspired another great body of influential literature and philosophy. There was further development in late medieval times, including the 11th century, 12th century, 13th century, 14th century, and 15th century. Its modern history is complex and has been greatly influenced by the development of printing and recording technology. Details of the 16th century including the early 16th century, early mid 16th century, mid 16th century, late mid 16th century, and late 16th century are not yet included. In the 17th the works of Newton were important in mathematics and natural philosophy. I do not have yet details of the early 17th century, early mid 17th century, mid 17th century, late mid 17th century, or late 17th century. The 18th centuries is not yet discussed in detail, although numerous important works were written in the early 18th century, the early-mid 18th century, the mid 18th century, the late-mid 18th century, and the late 18th century. Conceptual culture developed substantially in the 19th century In the early 19th century, the early-mid 19th century, and the mid-19th century, I have not yet included many details. In the late-mid 19th century, photography began to become popular. Other developments are more difficult to summarize. In the late 19th century, literature was much concerned with social reforms. The 20th century has been even more active. In the early 20th century, World War I was an important influence. In the early-mid 20th century, developments and changes came with increasing speed. In the mid 20th century, photographic printing, and journalism thrived. In the late-mid 20th century, there was substantial attention to color photography, and too many developments in literature to summarize. Details of the early 1960s, late 1960s, early 1970s, and late 1970s can be connected. In the late 20th century, computer graphics, nonwestern literature, and other developments have drawn attention. I do not yet have details for the early 1980s, late 1980s, early 1990s, late 1990s, in particular 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, or 2000. Recent events in the early 21st century including the early 2000s are too new and numerous to summarize at present. These include recent events of 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005. The late 2000s including 2006 down to the first quarter, second quarter, third quarter, and fourth quarter, and 2007 down to the first quarter, second quarter, third quarter including July, August, and September and fourth quarter during October, November, and December are recent. 2008 including the first quarter with January, February, and March, the second quarter with April, May, and June, and the third quarter with July, August, and September can also be considered. The fourth quarter including October, November, and December can also be connected. The future includes the near future, which includes next month (November 2008 and December 2008), next quarter, and next year. The middle future and far future are obscure. Sociology Connections to the various peoples of the world are most familiar. Particular nations do not yet have enough detail on this site, though Peru, Uzbekistan, Iraq, Saudi Arabia Venezuela, Malaysia, North Korea, Ghana, Yemen, Taiwan, Romania, Mozambique Sri Lanka, Australia, Madagascar, Syria, Cameroon, Cote d'Ivoire, Netherlands, Chile Kazakhstan, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Malawi, Ecuador, Niger, Guatemala, Senegal Angola, Zimbabwe, Mali, and Zambia are prominent. Culture of Western civilization is most familiar. Particular nations such as Canada can be usefully examined. Anglic peoples including British peoples of the United Kingdom, North American peoples of the United States and Austrialian peoples are especially important. Contributions from Latin peoples including those of Spain are important. Italic peoples including those of Italy can be connected. French peoples including those of France can be connected. Hispanic peoples including those of Argentina can be connected. Hispanic Mexican American peoples including those of Mexico can be considered. Hispanic Colombian American peoples including those of Colombia can be connected. Lusitanic people including those of Brazil can be connected. Germanic peoples including those of Germany. Northeast European peoples including Russia, Ukraine, and Poland can be examined. Balkan and Scandinavian peoples are also more or less accessible. Asiatic civilization and nations such as Nepal have a rich but not well known culture. Middle Eastern peoples such as those of Afghanistan can be connected. Turkey can be connected. Egypt can be connected. Persian peoples such as those of Iran can be connected. North African peoples such as those of Morocco and Algeria can be connected. South Asian peoples such as those of India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, Central asian peoples are generally not well known or understood in western civilization. Oriental peoples such as those of China and Japan, and South Korea, Southeast Asian such as those of Burma. Mainland Southeast Asian peoples such as those of Vietnam and Thailand can be examined. Conceptual culture of the Southeast Asian Archipelagoes including Indonesia and the Philippines can be connected. Conceptual culture of African peoples including those of Uganda can be developed. East African peoples including those of Kenya can be connected. Northern East African peoples including those of Ethiopia can be considered. Interior Eastern African peoples including those of Sudan can be connected. Central East African peoples such as those of Tanzania can be considered. West African peoples including those of Nigeria provide examples. Southern African peoples including those of South Africa can be considered. Central African peoples including those of Congo (DR) can be connected. American Indian peoples including those of Canada lack detail at present. Middle American Indian peoples including those of Mexico and Southwestern American Indian peoples including those of the southwest United States can be connected. South American Indians such as those found in Argentina can be connected. Andean peoples such as those of Colombia can be considered. Amazonian peoples of Brazil can be considered. North American Indians such as those found in the United States can be considered. Connections to communities [including Tokyo Seoul, Mexico City,and New York City] will be useful. Connections to social structure and change will be useful. Social structure including anthropological structure, cultural structure, institutional structure, and class structure may be significant. Social types will be important. Hunting and gathering societies and horitcultural societies have contributed less than agrarian societies and industrial societies. Social change including factors will be important. Social change processes such as innovation, transmission, adaptation, and extinction can be considered. Particular changes such as the agricultural revolution, agrarian revolution, and industrial revolution may be significant. Institutions Religion Particular traditions including Abrahamic, Asiatic, secular, and pagan religions will be useful. Religious organization may also have a role. Religious practice and belief have important roles in the description and development of conceptual culture. Government, including particular governments, government activity, government organization, and law has something to do with conceptual culture. Economics can be connected. Economic systems including firms, networks, economic system types, and economic system behavior can be connected. Industries and economic activities are significant. Education including research, teaching, cultural institutions, educational organization, and particular sschools will be important. Families including marriage, parenting, kinship, and particular families may be useful. Other Culture Connections to behavioral culture are important. Cultural events such as miscellaneous events, meetings, holidays, and disasters will also be developed and are important. Recreation and entertainment including music, literature, theater, games, and sports can be considered. Occupations are significant. Customs re important. Connections with material culture are varied. Miscellaneous artifacts are useful. Communication technology is essential. Transportation technology is less directly useful. Clothing, foodstuffs, and industrial technology also seem to be less directly useful. Anthropology Particular groups will be significant. Human geography such as European geography and Asian geography including Southwest Asia will be useful. Human ecology including the environmental influence, relations with other life, and the influence of the people on the environment will be useful. Applications of Physical anthropology including human origins, racial variations, and human dispersion do not seem obvious at present may be useful. Demography including birth, migration, death, population size and structure, and population change can also be used to examine it. Social foundations have a significant effect on conceptual culture. Social presentation, social interaction, social control, group behavior, and types of groups influence it. Personal studies Biographies of authors and originators will also be considered. Some of these include: Jesus Mohammed Newton Buddha Confucius Paul Gutenberg Columbus Einstein Pasteur Galileo Aristotle Euclid Moses Darwin Shih Huang Ti Archimedes Caesar Augustine Aquinas Copernicus Luther Lavoisier Faraday Maxwell Conceptual culture depends heavily on pyschology including behavioral elements, mind, behavior patterns, developmental psychology, mental disorders, personality, and social pychology. The human body and body structure, body functions, disease, life cycle, and form and appearance is significant. There are strong connections of conceptual culture to various aspects of science and nature. Physics has influenced conceptual culture somewhat. Mechanics including particle mechanics, rigid body mechanics, advanced mechanics, and gravitation has been useful. Thermodynamics including statistical mechanics, classical thermodyamics, nonclassical thermodynamics has also been useful because of discussions of heat. Electromagnetism including electrostatics, electric current, magnetism, and optics are useful, especially in modern times, and because they include discussion of light. Relativity is widely misunderstood, but special and general relativity have also been influential. Quantum physics has also been useful. The structure of matter including subatomic physics, atomic physics, molecular physics, bulk matter, and exotic matter has been useful. Chemistry including substances, changes, and chemical systems may also be useful. Astronomy including cosmology, galactic astronomy, stellar astronomy, and local astronomy will also be useful. Earth science including geology, hydrospheric science, atmospheric science, physical geography and specifically terrestrial geography, and geohistory can also be considered. Biology including molecular biology, cell biology, organism biology, systematics, ecology, and biohistory can also be considered.

The historical summary of conceptual culture is at present inadequate: As the site develops and more details of specific areas of culture are filled in, it should become possible to improve this treatment. Some of conceptual culture is traceable to prehistory. Very little of it seems to date to early prehistory, but middle prehistory and late prehistory have better evidence of it.

However, the most important developments took place in antiquity. In the 5th millennium BC and the 4th millennium BC I have little information. Literate bronze age civilization dates to about the 3rd millennium BC, and from this time on, conceptual culture began to explode, compared to earlier times. The 2nd millennium BC has even more evidence of literate culture. The early first millennium BC is also significant.

During classical and medieval times conceptual culture contined to develop. There was considerable development in early classical times. The works of Confucius began to circulate in Asia. In late classical times, accounts of the life of Jesus were circulated and inspired a great body of literature and philosophy. In early medieval times, the work of Mohammed inspired another great body of influential literature and philosophy. There was further development in late medieval times, including the 11th century, 12th century, 13th century, 14th century, and 15th century.

Its modern history is complex and has been greatly influenced by the development of printing and recording technology.

Details of the 16th century including the early 16th century, early mid 16th century, mid 16th century, late mid 16th century, and late 16th century are not yet included.

In the 17th the works of Newton were important in mathematics and natural philosophy. I do not have yet details of the early 17th century, early mid 17th century, mid 17th century, late mid 17th century, or late 17th century.

The 18th centuries is not yet discussed in detail, although numerous important works were written in the early 18th century, the early-mid 18th century, the mid 18th century, the late-mid 18th century, and the late 18th century.

Conceptual culture developed substantially in the 19th century In the early 19th century, the early-mid 19th century, and the mid-19th century, I have not yet included many details. In the late-mid 19th century, photography began to become popular. Other developments are more difficult to summarize. In the late 19th century, literature was much concerned with social reforms.

The 20th century has been even more active. In the early 20th century, World War I was an important influence. In the early-mid 20th century, developments and changes came with increasing speed. In the mid 20th century, photographic printing, and journalism thrived. In the late-mid 20th century, there was substantial attention to color photography, and too many developments in literature to summarize. Details of the early 1960s, late 1960s, early 1970s, and late 1970s can be connected.

In the late 20th century, computer graphics, nonwestern literature, and other developments have drawn attention. I do not yet have details for the early 1980s, late 1980s, early 1990s, late 1990s, in particular 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, or 2000.

Recent events in the early 21st century including the early 2000s are too new and numerous to summarize at present. These include recent events of 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005.

The late 2000s including 2006 down to the first quarter, second quarter, third quarter, and fourth quarter, and 2007 down to the first quarter, second quarter, third quarter including July, August, and September and fourth quarter during October, November, and December are recent.

2008 including the first quarter with January, February, and March, the second quarter with April, May, and June, and the third quarter with July, August, and September can also be considered. The fourth quarter including October, November, and December can also be connected.

The future includes the near future, which includes next month (November 2008 and December 2008), next quarter, and next year. The middle future and far future are obscure.

Sociology

Connections to the various peoples of the world are most familiar. Particular nations do not yet have enough detail on this site, though Peru, Uzbekistan, Iraq, Saudi Arabia Venezuela, Malaysia, North Korea, Ghana, Yemen, Taiwan, Romania, Mozambique Sri Lanka, Australia, Madagascar, Syria, Cameroon, Cote d'Ivoire, Netherlands, Chile Kazakhstan, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Malawi, Ecuador, Niger, Guatemala, Senegal Angola, Zimbabwe, Mali, and Zambia are prominent.

Culture of Western civilization is most familiar. Particular nations such as Canada can be usefully examined. Anglic peoples including British peoples of the United Kingdom, North American peoples of the United States and Austrialian peoples are especially important. Contributions from Latin peoples including those of Spain are important. Italic peoples including those of Italy can be connected. French peoples including those of France can be connected. Hispanic peoples including those of Argentina can be connected. Hispanic Mexican American peoples including those of Mexico can be considered. Hispanic Colombian American peoples including those of Colombia can be connected. Lusitanic people including those of Brazil can be connected. Germanic peoples including those of Germany. Northeast European peoples including Russia, Ukraine, and Poland can be examined. Balkan and Scandinavian peoples are also more or less accessible.

Asiatic civilization and nations such as Nepal have a rich but not well known culture. Middle Eastern peoples such as those of Afghanistan can be connected. Turkey can be connected. Egypt can be connected. Persian peoples such as those of Iran can be connected. North African peoples such as those of Morocco and Algeria can be connected. South Asian peoples such as those of India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, Central asian peoples are generally not well known or understood in western civilization. Oriental peoples such as those of China and Japan, and South Korea, Southeast Asian such as those of Burma. Mainland Southeast Asian peoples such as those of Vietnam and Thailand can be examined. Conceptual culture of the Southeast Asian Archipelagoes including Indonesia and the Philippines can be connected.

Conceptual culture of African peoples including those of Uganda can be developed. East African peoples including those of Kenya can be connected. Northern East African peoples including those of Ethiopia can be considered. Interior Eastern African peoples including those of Sudan can be connected. Central East African peoples such as those of Tanzania can be considered. West African peoples including those of Nigeria provide examples. Southern African peoples including those of South Africa can be considered. Central African peoples including those of Congo (DR) can be connected.

American Indian peoples including those of Canada lack detail at present. Middle American Indian peoples including those of Mexico and Southwestern American Indian peoples including those of the southwest United States can be connected. South American Indians such as those found in Argentina can be connected. Andean peoples such as those of Colombia can be considered. Amazonian peoples of Brazil can be considered. North American Indians such as those found in the United States can be considered.

Connections to communities [including Tokyo Seoul, Mexico City,and New York City] will be useful. Connections to social structure and change will be useful. Social structure including anthropological structure, cultural structure, institutional structure, and class structure may be significant. Social types will be important. Hunting and gathering societies and horitcultural societies have contributed less than agrarian societies and industrial societies. Social change including factors will be important. Social change processes such as innovation, transmission, adaptation, and extinction can be considered. Particular changes such as the agricultural revolution, agrarian revolution, and industrial revolution may be significant.

Institutions

Religion Particular traditions including Abrahamic, Asiatic, secular, and pagan religions will be useful. Religious organization may also have a role. Religious practice and belief have important roles in the description and development of conceptual culture. Government, including particular governments, government activity, government organization, and law has something to do with conceptual culture. Economics can be connected. Economic systems including firms, networks, economic system types, and economic system behavior can be connected. Industries and economic activities are significant. Education including research, teaching, cultural institutions, educational organization, and particular sschools will be important. Families including marriage, parenting, kinship, and particular families may be useful.

Other Culture

Connections to behavioral culture are important. Cultural events such as miscellaneous events, meetings, holidays, and disasters will also be developed and are important. Recreation and entertainment including music, literature, theater, games, and sports can be considered. Occupations are significant. Customs re important.

Connections with material culture are varied. Miscellaneous artifacts are useful. Communication technology is essential. Transportation technology is less directly useful. Clothing, foodstuffs, and industrial technology also seem to be less directly useful.

Anthropology

Particular groups will be significant. Human geography such as European geography and Asian geography including Southwest Asia will be useful. Human ecology including the environmental influence, relations with other life, and the influence of the people on the environment will be useful. Applications of Physical anthropology including human origins, racial variations, and human dispersion do not seem obvious at present may be useful. Demography including birth, migration, death, population size and structure, and population change can also be used to examine it. Social foundations have a significant effect on conceptual culture. Social presentation, social interaction, social control, group behavior, and types of groups influence it.

Personal studies

Biographies of authors and originators will also be considered. Some of these include:

Conceptual culture depends heavily on pyschology including behavioral elements, mind, behavior patterns, developmental psychology, mental disorders, personality, and social pychology. The human body and body structure, body functions, disease, life cycle, and form and appearance is significant.

There are strong connections of conceptual culture to various aspects of science and nature. Physics has influenced conceptual culture somewhat. Mechanics including particle mechanics, rigid body mechanics, advanced mechanics, and gravitation has been useful. Thermodynamics including statistical mechanics, classical thermodyamics, nonclassical thermodynamics has also been useful because of discussions of heat.

Electromagnetism including electrostatics, electric current, magnetism, and optics are useful, especially in modern times, and because they include discussion of light. Relativity is widely misunderstood, but special and general relativity have also been influential. Quantum physics has also been useful. The structure of matter including subatomic physics, atomic physics, molecular physics, bulk matter, and exotic matter has been useful. Chemistry including substances, changes, and chemical systems may also be useful. Astronomy including cosmology, galactic astronomy, stellar astronomy, and local astronomy will also be useful. Earth science including geology, hydrospheric science, atmospheric science, physical geography and specifically terrestrial geography, and geohistory can also be considered. Biology including molecular biology, cell biology, organism biology, systematics, ecology, and biohistory can also be considered.

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