Culture


The products of human society and ingenuity are so many and varied that it is impossible to list them all, and even categorizing them is difficult. This section has three broad divisions; related to things or artifacts, which is called material culture; ideas and words, which is called conceptual culture, and actions or activities, called conceptual culture. This division is rough and approximate, others could be devised. Examples of things included in this section are foodstuffs, tools, buildings, and vehicles; language, graphic arts, literature, poetry, mathematics, applied and engineering science, philosophy; and customs, occupations, sports, and performing arts.	Sapience Home Site Map About Sapience Behavioral Culture Conceptual culture Material culture

The products of human society and ingenuity are so many and varied that it is impossible to list them all, and even categorizing them is difficult. This section has three broad divisions; related to things or artifacts, which is called material culture; ideas and words, which is called conceptual culture, and actions or activities, called conceptual culture. This division is rough and approximate, others could be devised. Examples of things included in this section are foodstuffs, tools, buildings, and vehicles; language, graphic arts, literature, poetry, mathematics, applied and engineering science, philosophy; and customs, occupations, sports, and performing arts.

This section contains information on man-made artifacts and objects. Divisions include Miscellaneous artifacts, communication technology, transportation technology, dress, agricultural technology, buildings, and industrial technology.


History Culture can be traced to prehistory. During this period, material culture is most easily accessible, and information about conceptual and behavioral culture must be determined through indirect means. During antiquity, with the development of writing, information from material culture is useful, though conceptual and behavioral culture can be determined for a few peoples. In the classical and medieval period, material culture becomes less directly useful than conceptual and behavioral culture. In the modern period, advances in material culture have helped drive rapid social change, although conceptual and behavioral culture are also important. The future development of culture is unclear, although material culture, conceptual culture, and behavioral culture will all be significant. Sociology Sociology including peoples of the world, communities, and social structure and change can be applied more specifically to the study of behavioral culture, conceptual culture, and material culture.
Institutions Institutions including religion, government, economics, education, and families give important examples of culture and help drive changes and developments in various aspects of culture.
Anthropology Particular groups, human geography, human ecology, physical anthropology, demography, and social foundations provide a partial basis for the examination of culture. Particular groups Particular groups can be connected to behavioral culture, conceptual culture, and material culture. Wright brothers al-Qaeda American Academy of Arts and Sciences Royal Society Victorian Society World History Association Human geography Human geography can be connected to behavioral culture, conceptual culture, and material culture and serves as a basis for cultural geography. Asian geography can be connected. Southwest Asian geography including the Near East, Arabia, Asia Minor, the Transcaucasus, and the Iranian Highlands can be considered. but also South Asia, Southeast Asia, East Asia, Central Asia, and North Asia can be connected. European geography including Balkan, Italian, Iberian, Northwest European, Island, Scandinavian, East European, and Central European goegraphy can be connected. African geography, including Northern African geography, Eastern African geography, Western African geograph, North Central African geography, Southern African geography can be connected. North American geography including Northern North America, Middle North America, and Southern North America can be connected. South American geography, and Oceanic geography can all be considered. Human ecology Human ecology can be applied to behavioral culture, conceptual culture, and matieral culturre. It includes the influence of people on the environment, relationships with other life, and environmental effects on people. Physical anthropology Physical anthropology can so far be applied to behavioral culture. Human dispersion, racial variation, and human origins is also useful. Demography Demography can so far be applied to behavioral culture and conceptual culture. Population change, population size and structure, deaths, migration, and births can be considered. Social foundations Social foundations can so far be applied to behavioral culture, conceptual culture, and material culture. Social group behavior, social group types, social control, social interaction, and social presentation can be considered.
Personal studies Biography Since most of the important historical figures are associated with one form of culture or another, it would be redundant to list them all here. Significant contributors to conceptual culture are found under that category. Significant contributors to material and behavioral culture include: Galileo Aristotle Euclid Moses Darwin Shih Huang Ti Augustus Copernicus Lavoisier Constantine Watt Faraday Maxwell Luther Washington Marx Genghis Khan Adam Smith Shakespeare Dalton Alexander Napoleon Edison Leeuwenhoek Morton Archimedes Psychology Social psychology, personality, mental disorders, developmental pysychology, behavioral patterns, mind, and behavioral elements will be important. Human body Human form and appearance, life cycle, diseases, and body function are all important to culture. Body systems including control systems, reproductive systems, vital systems, and structural systems can be connected.
Natural science Biology Biohistory is useful primarily for the Cenozoic period. Ecology including behavioral ecology, population ecology, community ecology, system ecology, evolution, ecosystems, and biogeography is useful. Systematics including microbes, protists, plants, fungi, and animals are highly important to culture. Organism biology including habitat, tissues, organ systems, form, life cycle, and behavior is also useful. Cell biology including structure, behavior, and types of cells is also useful. Molecular biology including inorganics, small organic molecules, carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids will be useful.	Links to other sites: not yet available
Earth science Geohistory seems to be only minimally useful to culture. Physical geography with mapping, terrestrial geography in particular, and Eurasia, and oceanic geography are also important to culture. Atmospheric science including the structure of the atmosphere, meteorology, and climatology is also important. Hydrospheric science including oceanography, glaciology, ground water, and fresh water is also useful. Geology including minerals, rocks, landforms, geologic processes, and interior geology is useful. Astronomy Cosmology and Galactic astronomy are not immediately very significant. Stellar astronomy with the interstellar medium, stars, star clusters, and mostly astrocartography is connected. Solar system astronomy including the sun, planetary systems, minor bodies, interplanetary medium, and solar system history also has an influence. Chemistry Chemical systems with solid, liquid, gas, inorganic, and organic systems is often useful. Chemical changes of physical changes, chemical reactions, and nuclear reactions are also connected. Substances of mixtures, compounds and elements are also important. Physics Physics is for the most part indirectly important, but it has become more prominent in recent centuries. The structure of matter, including subatomic physics, atomic physics, molecular physics, bulk matter physics, and exotic matter is important in varying degrees to various aspects of culture. Quantum physics and relativity are slightly useful in culture. Electromagnetism including electrostatics, electric current, magnetism, and optics is also somewhat important. Thermodynamics including nonclassical thermodynamics, classical themodynamics, and statistical mechanics is also somewhat useful. Mechanics including gravitation, nonrigid mechanics, and rigid body mechanics including dynamic systems, static system, rotational dynamics, and body description can be used to some extent. Particle mechanics including study of particle systems, energetics, kinetics, kinematics, and particle description is useful in some areas.

History

Culture can be traced to prehistory. During this period, material culture is most easily accessible, and information about conceptual and behavioral culture must be determined through indirect means. During antiquity, with the development of writing, information from material culture is useful, though conceptual and behavioral culture can be determined for a few peoples. In the classical and medieval period, material culture becomes less directly useful than conceptual and behavioral culture. In the modern period, advances in material culture have helped drive rapid social change, although conceptual and behavioral culture are also important. The future development of culture is unclear, although material culture, conceptual culture, and behavioral culture will all be significant.

Sociology

Sociology including peoples of the world, communities, and social structure and change can be applied more specifically to the study of behavioral culture, conceptual culture, and material culture.

Institutions

Institutions including religion, government, economics, education, and families give important examples of culture and help drive changes and developments in various aspects of culture.

Anthropology

Particular groups, human geography, human ecology, physical anthropology, demography, and social foundations provide a partial basis for the examination of culture.

Particular groups

Particular groups can be connected to behavioral culture, conceptual culture, and material culture.

Human geography

Human geography can be connected to behavioral culture, conceptual culture, and material culture and serves as a basis for cultural geography.

Asian geography can be connected. Southwest Asian geography including the Near East, Arabia, Asia Minor, the Transcaucasus, and the Iranian Highlands can be considered. but also South Asia, Southeast Asia, East Asia, Central Asia, and North Asia can be connected.

European geography including Balkan, Italian, Iberian, Northwest European, Island, Scandinavian, East European, and Central European goegraphy can be connected.

African geography, including Northern African geography, Eastern African geography, Western African geograph, North Central African geography, Southern African geography can be connected.

North American geography including Northern North America, Middle North America, and Southern North America can be connected.

South American geography, and Oceanic geography can all be considered.

Human ecology

Human ecology can be applied to behavioral culture, conceptual culture, and matieral culturre. It includes the influence of people on the environment, relationships with other life, and environmental effects on people.

Physical anthropology

Physical anthropology can so far be applied to behavioral culture. Human dispersion, racial variation, and human origins is also useful.

Demography

Demography can so far be applied to behavioral culture and conceptual culture. Population change, population size and structure, deaths, migration, and births can be considered.

Social foundations

Social foundations can so far be applied to behavioral culture, conceptual culture, and material culture. Social group behavior, social group types, social control, social interaction, and social presentation can be considered.

Personal studies

Biography

Since most of the important historical figures are associated with one form of culture or another, it would be redundant to list them all here. Significant contributors to conceptual culture are found under that category. Significant contributors to material and behavioral culture include:

Psychology

Social psychology, personality, mental disorders, developmental pysychology, behavioral patterns, mind, and behavioral elements will be important.

Human body

Human form and appearance, life cycle, diseases, and body function are all important to culture. Body systems including control systems, reproductive systems, vital systems, and structural systems can be connected.

Natural science

Biology

Biohistory is useful primarily for the Cenozoic period. Ecology including behavioral ecology, population ecology, community ecology, system ecology, evolution, ecosystems, and biogeography is useful. Systematics including microbes, protists, plants, fungi, and animals are highly important to culture. Organism biology including habitat, tissues, organ systems, form, life cycle, and behavior is also useful. Cell biology including structure, behavior, and types of cells is also useful. Molecular biology including inorganics, small organic molecules, carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids will be useful.

Links to other sites: not yet available

Earth science

Geohistory seems to be only minimally useful to culture. Physical geography with mapping, terrestrial geography in particular, and Eurasia, and oceanic geography are also important to culture. Atmospheric science including the structure of the atmosphere, meteorology, and climatology is also important. Hydrospheric science including oceanography, glaciology, ground water, and fresh water is also useful. Geology including minerals, rocks, landforms, geologic processes, and interior geology is useful.

Astronomy

Cosmology and Galactic astronomy are not immediately very significant. Stellar astronomy with the interstellar medium, stars, star clusters, and mostly astrocartography is connected. Solar system astronomy including the sun, planetary systems, minor bodies, interplanetary medium, and solar system history also has an influence.

Chemistry

Chemical systems with solid, liquid, gas, inorganic, and organic systems is often useful. Chemical changes of physical changes, chemical reactions, and nuclear reactions are also connected. Substances of mixtures, compounds and elements are also important.

Physics

Physics is for the most part indirectly important, but it has become more prominent in recent centuries. The structure of matter, including subatomic physics, atomic physics, molecular physics, bulk matter physics, and exotic matter is important in varying degrees to various aspects of culture. Quantum physics and relativity are slightly useful in culture. Electromagnetism including electrostatics, electric current, magnetism, and optics is also somewhat important. Thermodynamics including nonclassical thermodynamics, classical themodynamics, and statistical mechanics is also somewhat useful. Mechanics including gravitation, nonrigid mechanics, and rigid body mechanics including dynamic systems, static system, rotational dynamics, and body description can be used to some extent. Particle mechanics including study of particle systems, energetics, kinetics, kinematics, and particle description is useful in some areas.

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