Culture


The products of human society and ingenuity are so many and varied that it is impossible to list them all, and even categorizing them is difficult. This section has three broad divisions; related to things or artifacts, which is called material culture; ideas and words, which is called conceptual culture, and actions or activities, called conceptual culture. This division is rough and approximate, others could be devised. Examples of things included in this section are foodstuffs, tools, buildings, and vehicles; language, graphic arts, literature, poetry, mathematics, applied and engineering science, philosophy; and customs, occupations, sports, and performing arts.	Sapience Home Site Map About Sapience Material culture Conceptual culture Behavioral Culture

The products of human society and ingenuity are so many and varied that it is impossible to list them all, and even categorizing them is difficult. This section has three broad divisions; related to things or artifacts, which is called material culture; ideas and words, which is called conceptual culture, and actions or activities, called conceptual culture. This division is rough and approximate, others could be devised. Examples of things included in this section are foodstuffs, tools, buildings, and vehicles; language, graphic arts, literature, poetry, mathematics, applied and engineering science, philosophy; and customs, occupations, sports, and performing arts.

Material culture

This section contains information on man-made artifacts and objects. Divisions include industrial technology, buildings, agricultural technology, dress, transportation technology, communication technology, and other artifacts.

Conceptual culture

This section includes language, graphic arts, literature, mathematics, applied science, and philosophy.

Behavioral culture

This section includes customs, occupations, Recreation and entertainment, and events.


Natural science Physics is, for the most part, indirectly important, but it has become more prominent in recent centuries. Mechanics including particle mechanics, rigid body mechanics, nonrigid mechanics, and gravitation can be used to some extent. Thermodynamics including statistical mechanics, classical themodynamics, and nonclassical thermodynamics is also somewhat useful. Electromagnetism including electrostatics, electric current, magnetism, and optics is also somewhat important. Relativity and quantum physics are slightly useful in culture. The structure of matter, including subatomic physics, atomic physics, molecular physics, bulk matter physics, and exotic matter is important in varying degrees to various aspects of culture.	Links to other sites: not yet available
Chemistry including substances of elements, compounds and mixtures, chemical changes of nuclear reactions, chemical reactions, and physical changes, and systems including solid, liquid, gas, inorganic, and organic systems is often useful. Astronomy is also somewhat important. Solar system astronomy including the sun, planetary systems, minor bodies, interplanetary medium, and solar system history also has an influence. Stellar astronomy with the interstellar medium, stars, star clusters, and mostly astrocartography is connected. Galactic astronomyand cosmology are not immediately very significant. Earth science is also important to culture. Geology including minerals, rocks, landforms, geologic processes, and interior geology is useful. Hydrospheric science including oceanography, glaciology, gorund water, and fresh water is also useful. Atmospheric science including the structure of the atmosphere, meteorology, and climatology is also important. Physical geography with mapping, terrestrial geography in particular, and Eurasia, and oceanig geography are also important to culture. Geohistory seems to be only minimally useful to culture. Biology is also indirectly significant to culture. Molecular biology including inorganics, small organic molecules, carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids will be useful. Cell biology including structure, behavior, and types of cells is also useful. Organism biology including habitat, tissues, organ systems, form, life cyccle, and behavior is also useful. Systematics including microbes, protists, plants, fungi, and animals are highly important to culture. Ecology including behavioral ecology, population ecology, community ecology, system ecology, evolution, ecosystems, and biogeography is useful. Biohistory is useful primarily for the Cenozoic period. Personal studies There are some connections to the human body as well. Human body systems, body functions, diseases, life cycle, and appearance are all important to culture. Psychology including the nervous systems, behavioral fundamentals, mind, behavioral patterns, mental disorders, personality, and social psychology will be important. Biography is also useful. Since most of the important historical figures are associated with one form or another of culture, it would be redundant to list them all here. Significant contributors to conceptual culture are found under that category. Significant contributors to material and behavioral culture include: Galileo Aristotle Euclid Moses Darwin Shih Huang Ti Augustus Copernicus Lavoisier Constantine Watt Faraday Maxwell Luther Washington Marx Genghis Khan Adam Smith Shakespeare Dalton Alexander Napoleon Edison Leeuwenhoek Morton Archimedes Anthropology Culture depends significantly on social foundations including social presentation, social interaction, social control, social group behavior, and types of groups. It also depends somewhat on demography including births, deaths, migration, population size and structure, and population change. Physical anthropology including human origins, racial variation, and human dispersion is also useful. It depends heavily on human ecology which includes environmental effects on people, relationships with other life, and the influence of people on the environment. Human geography serves as a basis for cultural geography. European geography, Asian geography including principally Southwest Asian geography, and African geography, North American geography, South American geography, and Oceanic geography can all be considered. Particular groups are also important in culture. Wright brothers Institutions Families including marriage, parenting, kinship, and particular families are the primary means of transmitting culture. Education Research and teaching are significant. Cultural institutions such as arenas, auditoriums, and venues are useful in creating and transmitting culture. Educational organization including course material, students, faculty, and educational administration will be useful. Particular schools including primary schools, secondary schools, and higher education are useful. Economics Economic activity including production, trade and exchange, and production is very useful in examining culture. Industries including particular companies such as Wal-Mart, Exxon Mobil, Royal Dutch Shell, and BP, and agriculture, manufacturing and extraction, building and construction, social and medical, transportation, communication, and commercial and financial industries contribute substantially to culture. Economic systems including firms, networks, system types, and system behavior have an influence on culture. Government Law including Tribal law, Asiatic law, Western law, and International law may b useful. Government structure including political parties, judical systems, legislative systems, executive systems, heads of state, and forms of government has influenced it substantially. Government activities including administration have also been influential. Succession including election, inheritance, appointment, and siezure can be considered. State relations including espionage, diplomacy, and warfare have been useful. Particular governments such as local and national governments have had an important place. International government including traditional empires and colonial empires has been significant. Modern compacts including temporary alliances, special-purpose organizations, regional bodies have been significant. World governments such as the old League of Nations and United Nations have connections to culture. Religion Religious belief, practice, and organization such as unstructured, fragmented, and highly structured organization will help. Particular religious traditions have been highly influential in culture. Abrahamic religions have been and still are highly influential. Christianity, including Protestantism, Orthodoxy, and Mormonism has also been influential in culture. Catholicism has been highly influential. Islam has also been influential in culture. Judaism has had an important influence on culture. Asiatic religions have been influential in parts of the world. Indian religion including Buddhism, Hinduism, Sihkism, and Jainism has also been influential. Oriental religion including Confucianism, Taoism, and Shinto has been influential. Persian religion including Zoroastrianism, Manicheanism, and Mithraism has also been influential. Pagan religion such as european pagan, Asian pagan, African pagan, and American Indian pagan has been influential. Secularist traditions have also been influential. Sociology Sociology including social structure and change, communities, and peoples of the world can be applied more specificly to the study of material culture, conceptual culture and behavioral culture. History Culture can be traced to prehistory. During this period, material culture is most easily accessible, and information about conceptual and behavioral culture must be determined through indirect means. During antiquity, with the development of writing, information from material culture is useful, though conceptual and behavioral culture can be determined for a few peoples. In the classical and medieval period, material culture becomes less directly useful than conceptual and behavioral culture. In the modern period, advances in material culture have helped drive rapid social change, although conceptual and behavioral culture are also important. The future development of culture is unclear, although material culture, conceptual culture, and behavioral culture will all be significant.

Natural science

Physics is, for the most part, indirectly important, but it has become more prominent in recent centuries. Mechanics including particle mechanics, rigid body mechanics, nonrigid mechanics, and gravitation can be used to some extent. Thermodynamics including statistical mechanics, classical themodynamics, and nonclassical thermodynamics is also somewhat useful. Electromagnetism including electrostatics, electric current, magnetism, and optics is also somewhat important. Relativity and quantum physics are slightly useful in culture. The structure of matter, including subatomic physics, atomic physics, molecular physics, bulk matter physics, and exotic matter is important in varying degrees to various aspects of culture.

Links to other sites: not yet available

Chemistry including substances of elements, compounds and mixtures, chemical changes of nuclear reactions, chemical reactions, and physical changes, and systems including solid, liquid, gas, inorganic, and organic systems is often useful.

Astronomy is also somewhat important. Solar system astronomy including the sun, planetary systems, minor bodies, interplanetary medium, and solar system history also has an influence. Stellar astronomy with the interstellar medium, stars, star clusters, and mostly astrocartography is connected. Galactic astronomyand cosmology are not immediately very significant.

Earth science is also important to culture. Geology including minerals, rocks, landforms, geologic processes, and interior geology is useful. Hydrospheric science including oceanography, glaciology, gorund water, and fresh water is also useful. Atmospheric science including the structure of the atmosphere, meteorology, and climatology is also important. Physical geography with mapping, terrestrial geography in particular, and Eurasia, and oceanig geography are also important to culture. Geohistory seems to be only minimally useful to culture.

Biology is also indirectly significant to culture. Molecular biology including inorganics, small organic molecules, carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids will be useful. Cell biology including structure, behavior, and types of cells is also useful. Organism biology including habitat, tissues, organ systems, form, life cyccle, and behavior is also useful. Systematics including microbes, protists, plants, fungi, and animals are highly important to culture. Ecology including behavioral ecology, population ecology, community ecology, system ecology, evolution, ecosystems, and biogeography is useful. Biohistory is useful primarily for the Cenozoic period.

Personal studies

There are some connections to the human body as well. Human body systems, body functions, diseases, life cycle, and appearance are all important to culture. Psychology including the nervous systems, behavioral fundamentals, mind, behavioral patterns, mental disorders, personality, and social psychology will be important.

Biography is also useful. Since most of the important historical figures are associated with one form or another of culture, it would be redundant to list them all here. Significant contributors to conceptual culture are found under that category. Significant contributors to material and behavioral culture include:

Anthropology

Culture depends significantly on social foundations including social presentation, social interaction, social control, social group behavior, and types of groups. It also depends somewhat on demography including births, deaths, migration, population size and structure, and population change. Physical anthropology including human origins, racial variation, and human dispersion is also useful.

It depends heavily on human ecology which includes environmental effects on people, relationships with other life, and the influence of people on the environment.

Human geography serves as a basis for cultural geography. European geography, Asian geography including principally Southwest Asian geography, and African geography, North American geography, South American geography, and Oceanic geography can all be considered.

Particular groups are also important in culture.

Wright brothers

Institutions

Families including marriage, parenting, kinship, and particular families are the primary means of transmitting culture.

Education

Research and teaching are significant. Cultural institutions such as arenas, auditoriums, and venues are useful in creating and transmitting culture. Educational organization including course material, students, faculty, and educational administration will be useful. Particular schools including primary schools, secondary schools, and higher education are useful.

Economics

Economic activity including production, trade and exchange, and production is very useful in examining culture. Industries including particular companies such as Wal-Mart, Exxon Mobil, Royal Dutch Shell, and BP, and agriculture, manufacturing and extraction, building and construction, social and medical, transportation, communication, and commercial and financial industries contribute substantially to culture. Economic systems including firms, networks, system types, and system behavior have an influence on culture.

Government

Law including Tribal law, Asiatic law, Western law, and International law may b useful. Government structure including political parties, judical systems, legislative systems, executive systems, heads of state, and forms of government has influenced it substantially. Government activities including administration have also been influential. Succession including election, inheritance, appointment, and siezure can be considered. State relations including espionage, diplomacy, and warfare have been useful. Particular governments such as local and national governments have had an important place. International government including traditional empires and colonial empires has been significant. Modern compacts including temporary alliances, special-purpose organizations, regional bodies have been significant. World governments such as the old League of Nations and United Nations have connections to culture.

Religion

Religious belief, practice, and organization such as unstructured, fragmented, and highly structured organization will help. Particular religious traditions have been highly influential in culture. Abrahamic religions have been and still are highly influential. Christianity, including Protestantism, Orthodoxy, and Mormonism has also been influential in culture. Catholicism has been highly influential. Islam has also been influential in culture. Judaism has had an important influence on culture. Asiatic religions have been influential in parts of the world. Indian religion including Buddhism, Hinduism, Sihkism, and Jainism has also been influential. Oriental religion including Confucianism, Taoism, and Shinto has been influential. Persian religion including Zoroastrianism, Manicheanism, and Mithraism has also been influential. Pagan religion such as european pagan, Asian pagan, African pagan, and American Indian pagan has been influential. Secularist traditions have also been influential.

Sociology

Sociology including social structure and change, communities, and peoples of the world can be applied more specificly to the study of material culture, conceptual culture and behavioral culture.

History

Culture can be traced to prehistory. During this period, material culture is most easily accessible, and information about conceptual and behavioral culture must be determined through indirect means. During antiquity, with the development of writing, information from material culture is useful, though conceptual and behavioral culture can be determined for a few peoples. In the classical and medieval period, material culture becomes less directly useful than conceptual and behavioral culture. In the modern period, advances in material culture have helped drive rapid social change, although conceptual and behavioral culture are also important. The future development of culture is unclear, although material culture, conceptual culture, and behavioral culture will all be significant.

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