Physical Anthropology


This section deals with scientific evidence for the origins and distribution of mankind. It should be noted that this is a rapidly changing field: the physical evidence is scanty and is subject to various possible interpretations.	Sapience Home Site Map About Sapience Anthropology Human origins Racial Variation Human Dispersion

This section deals with scientific evidence for the origins and distribution of mankind. It should be noted that this is a rapidly changing field: the physical evidence is scanty and is subject to various possible interpretations.

Anthropology

Human dispersion

This deals chiefly with migration and mingling of racial groups.

Racial variation

This deals with differences in the physical characteristics of mankind, including geographic races.

Human origins

This subject includes studies of the origins and evolution of mankind.

1871 Darwin publishes his "Descent of Man"

This work is taken to mark the beginning of modern physical anthopology.


History Prehistory Early prehistory including the Pliocene, early Pleistocene, early mid Pleistocene, late mid Pleistocene, and late Pleistocene can be connected. Middle prehistory including the 5th decamillennium BP, 4th decamillennium BP, 3rd decamillennium BP, and 2nd decamillennium BP Late prehistory including the early 8th millennium BC, late 8th millennium BC, early 7th millennium BC, late 7th millennium BC, early 6th millennium BC, and late 6th millennium BC can be connected.
Antiquity The 5th millennium BC including the early 5th millennium BC, early mid 5th millennium BC, mid 5th millennium BC, late mid 5th millennium BC, and late 5th millennium BC can be connected. The 4th millennium BC including the early 4th millennium BC, early mid 4th millennium BC, mid 4th millennium BC, late mid 4th millennium BC, and late 4th millennium BC can be connected. The 3rd millennium BC including the early 3rd millennium BC, early mid 3rd millennium BC, mid 3rd millennium BC, late mid 3rd millennium BC, and late 3rd millennium BC can be connected. The 2nd millennium BC including the early 2nd millennium BC, late 2nd millennium BC, early mid 2nd millennium BC, and late 2nd millennium BC can be connected. The early 1st millennium BC including the 10th century BC, 9th century BC, 8th century BC, 7th century BC, and 5th century BC can be connected. Classical and medieval history Early classical history including the 5th century CE, 4th century CE, 3rd century CE, 2nd century CE, and 1st century CE can be connected to physical anthropology. Late classical history including the 1st century CE, 2nd century CE, 3rd century CE, 4th century CE, and 5th century CE can be connected. Early medieval times including the 6th century, 7th century, 8th century, 9th century, and 10th century can be connected. Late medieval times including the 11th century, 12th century, 13th century, 14th century, and 15th century can be connected. Modern history The 16th century including the early 16th century, early mid 16th century, mid 16th century, late mid 16th century can be connected. The late 16th century including the early 1580s, late 1580s, early 1590s, and late 1590s can be connected. The 17th century including the early 17th century, early mid 17th century, mid 17th century, late mid 17th century, and late 17th century can be connected. I do not yet have many details of the 18th century including the early 18th century, early mid 18th century, mid 18th century, late mid 18th century, and late 18th century. In the 19th century, more mathematical and scientific methods began to be applied. So far I lack details on the early 19th century, early mid 19th century, mid 19th century, late mid 19th century, and late 19th century. In the 20th century, including the early 20th century, early-mid 20th century, mid 20th century, late-mid 20th century it has developed substantially. I do not yet have details for the late 20th century including the early 1980s, late 1980s, early 1990s, or late 1990s Early 21st century Events of the early 2000s icluding 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, and 2005 can be connected. The late 2000s down to 2006 can be connected. 2007 including the first quarter 2007, second quarte 2007, third quarter 2007, and fourth quarter 2007 can be connected. 2008 including the first quarter, second quarter with April, May, and June, third quarter to July, August, and September and fourth quarter including October and November are significant. 2009 including the first quarter 2009, second quarter 2009, third quarter 2009, and fourth quarter 2009 can be connected. 2010 including the first quarter 2010, second quarter 2010, third quarter 2010, and fourth quarter 2010 can be connected. The early 2010s can be connected. 2011 can be connected. The first quarter 2011 can be connected. January 2011 including 2011 week 1, 2011 week 2, 2011 week 3, 2011 week 4, 2011 week 5, and 2011 week 6 can be connected. February 2011 including 2011 week 6, 2011 week 7, 2011 week 8, 2011 week 9, and 2011 week 10 can be connected. March 2011 can be connected. The second quarter 2011 including April 2011 and May 2011 can be connected. June 2011 including 2011 week 23, 2011 week 24, and 2011 week 25 can be connected. The third quarter 2011 including July 2011, August 2011, and September 2011 can be connected. Most of the future including the near future down to next month, next quarter, and next year, and the middle future and far future is speculative. Sociology Peoples of the world may be applied. Nations such as Argentina, Spain, Sudan, Tanzania Poland, Kenya, Morocco, Algeria, Canada, Afghanistan, Uganda, Nepal, Peru, Uzbekistan, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela, Malaysia, North Korea, and Ghana can be connected. Western Civilization including Colombia will be especially important. Anglic peoples including those of the United Kingdom and the United States are important. Latin peoples including those of Italy are important. French peoples including those of France can be connected. Hispanic peoples including those of Mexico can be connected. Lusitanic peoples including those of Brazil can be connected. Germanic peoples including those of Germany can be connected. Northeast European peoples including those of Russia and Ukraine can be connected. Asiatic peoples including Burma can be considered. Middle Eastern peoples including Iran can be considered. Turkey can be connected. Egypt can be connected. South Asian peoples such as those of India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh can be considered. Oriental peoples including China, Japan, and South Korea can be considered. Southeast Asian peoples such as those of Thailand can be considered. Southeast Asian Mainland peoples including Vietnam can be connected. Southeast Asian Archipelagoes including Indonesia and the Philippines can be connected. African peoples such as those found in South Africa may also be useful. East African peoples including those of Ethiopia can be connected. West African peoples such as those of Nigeria can be connected. Central African peoples including those of Congo DR can be connected. American Indian peoples including those of Colombia are less directly useful. Middle American Indian peoples such as those of Mexico can be connected. Southwestern American Indian peoples such as those of the the Southwestern United States can be connected. South American Indian peoples such as those found in Brazil may be important. North American Indian peoples such as those found in the United States may be connected. Eastern North American Indian peoples and Western North American Indian peoples can be connected. Communities Communities such as Tokyo, Seoul, Mexico City, and New York City may also be useful. Social structure and change Social change Particular changes and movements The agricultural revolution can be connected. The agrarian revolution including Bronze age developments, early iron age developments, late iron age developments, and modernization can be connected. The industrial revolution including the early industrial revolution, middle industrial revolution, and late industrial revolution can be connected. Social change factors including cultural change, demographic change, and natural change can be connected. Institutional change can be connected. Social change processes including innovation, transmission, adaptation, and extinction can be connected. Social types Industrial societies can be connected. Agrarian societies can be connected. Horticultural societies can be connected. Hunting and gathering societies can be connected. Social structure Community and regional structure can be connected. Class structure can be connected. Institutional structure can be connected. Cultural structure can be connected. Anthropological structure can be connected.
Institutions Religion Particular religions including Abrahamic religion, Asiatic religion, pagan religion, and secularism can be connected. Abrahamic religion including Judaism, Christianity, and Islam can be connected. Religious organization including highly structured organization, fragmented, and loosely structured organization can be connected. Religious practice can be connected. Religious beliefs are important. Government Particular governments including international government, national government, and local government can be connected. Governnent activity including state relations, administration, and succession can be connected. Government structure including government forms, heads of state, executive systems, legislative systems, judicial systems, and political parties and interest groups can be connected. Law including international law, Western law, Asiatic law, and tribal law can be considered. Economics Economic systems including economic system behavior, economic system types, networks, and firms can be connected. Industries including commercial and financial industries, communication industries, transportation industries, social and medical services, building and construction industries, and agriculture can be connected. Economic activities including consumption, distribution and exchange, and production can be connected. Education Schools including higher education, secondary education, and primary education can be connected. Educational organization including administration, faculty, students, and course material can be connected. Cultural institutions including performance venues, libraries, and museums can be connected. Teaching can be connected. Research can be connected. Families Particular families can be connected. Kinship can be connected. Parenting can be connected. Marriage can be connected.
Culture Behavioral culture Cultural events including holidays, disasters, gatherings, and other events can be connected. Recreation and entertainment including sports, games, theater, dance, and music can be connected. Occupations including service occupations, industrial occupations, communication occupations, transportation occupations, building-related occupations, and food-related occupations can be connected. Customs including institutional customs, social interaction customs, dress and adornment customs, living and dwelling customs, and vital customs can be connected. Conceptual culture Philosophy including philosophical schools and doctrines, special topics, ethics, aesthetics, metaphysics, epistemology, and logic can be connected. Applied science including applied social science, accounting, information science, medical science, navigation, engineering science, and measurement can be connected. Mathematics including statistics, analysis, geometry, algebra, arithmetic, and mathematical foundations can be connected. Literature including particular works, literary types and genres, literary forms, and oral tradition can be connected. Graphic arts including animation, photography, printmaking, painting, and drawing can be connected. Language including languages of the world, writing, and linguistics can be connected. Material culture including miscellaneous artifacts, communication devices, transportation devices, clothing and dress, foodstuffs, building technology, and industrial technology can be connected. Other Anthropology Physical anthropology can be connected to particular groups. It also depends on human geography and on its divisions of Europe, Asia, North America, Africa, South America, and Oceania. Human ecology including the influence of people on the enviroment, relations with other life, and influence of the environment on people is also important. It depends on demography, including birth and fertility, migration, morbidity and mortality, population structure, and population change. It is also connected to social foundations including social group behavior, group types, social control, social interaction, and social presentation. Personal studies Connections to biography have not yet been made. Connections to psychology including behavioral elements, mind, behavioral patterns, developmental psychology, mental disorders, personality, and social psychology is not as evident. This depends heavily on the human body. Body systems including structural systems more than vital, reproductive, or control systems get the most attention, but some is given to body functions, disease, life cycle, form, and appearance. This depends rather heavily on science. Biology including molecular biology, cell biology, and organism biology may be useful. Systematics is useful, not so much for discussion of microbes, protists, plants, or fungi, but for discussion of animals. Human beings can be described using tetrapod biology. Ecology including behavioral eclology, population ecology, community ecology, system ecology, evolution, ecosystems, and biogeography is considered extremely useful as a foundation for physical anthropology. Biohistory is mostly useful for its discussion of the Cenozoic era. Earth science including Geology, Hydrospheric science, atmospheric science, and physical geography is somewhat useful. Geohistory is useful for discussion of the Cenozoic era. Astronomy has limited application to physical anthropology. Cosmology, galactic astronomy, and stellar astronomy have only limited usefulness for this subject. Planetary astronomy is the most useful area of study. Chemistry and physics are only indirectly important.

History

Prehistory

Early prehistory including the Pliocene, early Pleistocene, early mid Pleistocene, late mid Pleistocene, and late Pleistocene can be connected. Middle prehistory including the 5th decamillennium BP, 4th decamillennium BP, 3rd decamillennium BP, and 2nd decamillennium BP Late prehistory including the early 8th millennium BC, late 8th millennium BC, early 7th millennium BC, late 7th millennium BC, early 6th millennium BC, and late 6th millennium BC can be connected.

Antiquity

The 5th millennium BC including the early 5th millennium BC, early mid 5th millennium BC, mid 5th millennium BC, late mid 5th millennium BC, and late 5th millennium BC can be connected. The 4th millennium BC including the early 4th millennium BC, early mid 4th millennium BC, mid 4th millennium BC, late mid 4th millennium BC, and late 4th millennium BC can be connected. The 3rd millennium BC including the early 3rd millennium BC, early mid 3rd millennium BC, mid 3rd millennium BC, late mid 3rd millennium BC, and late 3rd millennium BC can be connected. The 2nd millennium BC including the early 2nd millennium BC, late 2nd millennium BC, early mid 2nd millennium BC, and late 2nd millennium BC can be connected. The early 1st millennium BC including the 10th century BC, 9th century BC, 8th century BC, 7th century BC, and 5th century BC can be connected.

Classical and medieval history

Early classical history including the 5th century CE, 4th century CE, 3rd century CE, 2nd century CE, and 1st century CE can be connected to physical anthropology. Late classical history including the 1st century CE, 2nd century CE, 3rd century CE, 4th century CE, and 5th century CE can be connected. Early medieval times including the 6th century, 7th century, 8th century, 9th century, and 10th century can be connected. Late medieval times including the 11th century, 12th century, 13th century, 14th century, and 15th century can be connected.

Modern history

The 16th century including the early 16th century, early mid 16th century, mid 16th century, late mid 16th century can be connected. The late 16th century including the early 1580s, late 1580s, early 1590s, and late 1590s can be connected.

The 17th century including the early 17th century, early mid 17th century, mid 17th century, late mid 17th century, and late 17th century can be connected.

I do not yet have many details of the 18th century including the early 18th century, early mid 18th century, mid 18th century, late mid 18th century, and late 18th century.

In the 19th century, more mathematical and scientific methods began to be applied. So far I lack details on the early 19th century, early mid 19th century, mid 19th century, late mid 19th century, and late 19th century.

In the 20th century, including the early 20th century, early-mid 20th century, mid 20th century, late-mid 20th century it has developed substantially. I do not yet have details for the late 20th century including the early 1980s, late 1980s, early 1990s, or late 1990s

Early 21st century

Events of the early 2000s icluding 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, and 2005 can be connected.

The late 2000s down to 2006 can be connected. 2007 including the first quarter 2007, second quarte 2007, third quarter 2007, and fourth quarter 2007 can be connected.

2008 including the first quarter, second quarter with April, May, and June, third quarter to July, August, and September and fourth quarter including October and November are significant.

2009 including the first quarter 2009, second quarter 2009, third quarter 2009, and fourth quarter 2009 can be connected. 2010 including the first quarter 2010, second quarter 2010, third quarter 2010, and fourth quarter 2010 can be connected.

The early 2010s can be connected. 2011 can be connected. The first quarter 2011 can be connected. January 2011 including 2011 week 1, 2011 week 2, 2011 week 3, 2011 week 4, 2011 week 5, and 2011 week 6 can be connected. February 2011 including 2011 week 6, 2011 week 7, 2011 week 8, 2011 week 9, and 2011 week 10 can be connected. March 2011 can be connected.

The second quarter 2011 including April 2011 and May 2011 can be connected. June 2011 including 2011 week 23, 2011 week 24, and 2011 week 25 can be connected. The third quarter 2011 including July 2011, August 2011, and September 2011 can be connected.

Most of the future including the near future down to next month, next quarter, and next year, and the middle future and far future is speculative.

Sociology

Peoples of the world may be applied. Nations such as Argentina, Spain, Sudan, Tanzania Poland, Kenya, Morocco, Algeria, Canada, Afghanistan, Uganda, Nepal, Peru, Uzbekistan, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela, Malaysia, North Korea, and Ghana can be connected.

Western Civilization including Colombia will be especially important. Anglic peoples including those of the United Kingdom and the United States are important. Latin peoples including those of Italy are important. French peoples including those of France can be connected. Hispanic peoples including those of Mexico can be connected. Lusitanic peoples including those of Brazil can be connected. Germanic peoples including those of Germany can be connected. Northeast European peoples including those of Russia and Ukraine can be connected.

Asiatic peoples including Burma can be considered. Middle Eastern peoples including Iran can be considered. Turkey can be connected. Egypt can be connected. South Asian peoples such as those of India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh can be considered. Oriental peoples including China, Japan, and South Korea can be considered. Southeast Asian peoples such as those of Thailand can be considered. Southeast Asian Mainland peoples including Vietnam can be connected. Southeast Asian Archipelagoes including Indonesia and the Philippines can be connected.

African peoples such as those found in South Africa may also be useful. East African peoples including those of Ethiopia can be connected. West African peoples such as those of Nigeria can be connected. Central African peoples including those of Congo DR can be connected.

American Indian peoples including those of Colombia are less directly useful. Middle American Indian peoples such as those of Mexico can be connected. Southwestern American Indian peoples such as those of the the Southwestern United States can be connected. South American Indian peoples such as those found in Brazil may be important. North American Indian peoples such as those found in the United States may be connected. Eastern North American Indian peoples and Western North American Indian peoples can be connected.

Communities

Communities such as Tokyo, Seoul, Mexico City, and New York City may also be useful.

Social structure and change

Social change

Particular changes and movements

The agricultural revolution can be connected. The agrarian revolution including Bronze age developments, early iron age developments, late iron age developments, and modernization can be connected. The industrial revolution including the early industrial revolution, middle industrial revolution, and late industrial revolution can be connected.

Social change factors including cultural change, demographic change, and natural change can be connected. Institutional change can be connected.

Social change processes including innovation, transmission, adaptation, and extinction can be connected.

Social types

Industrial societies can be connected. Agrarian societies can be connected. Horticultural societies can be connected. Hunting and gathering societies can be connected.

Social structure

Community and regional structure can be connected. Class structure can be connected. Institutional structure can be connected. Cultural structure can be connected. Anthropological structure can be connected.

Institutions

Religion

Particular religions including Abrahamic religion, Asiatic religion, pagan religion, and secularism can be connected. Abrahamic religion including Judaism, Christianity, and Islam can be connected. Religious organization including highly structured organization, fragmented, and loosely structured organization can be connected. Religious practice can be connected. Religious beliefs are important.

Government

Particular governments including international government, national government, and local government can be connected. Governnent activity including state relations, administration, and succession can be connected. Government structure including government forms, heads of state, executive systems, legislative systems, judicial systems, and political parties and interest groups can be connected. Law including international law, Western law, Asiatic law, and tribal law can be considered.

Economics

Economic systems including economic system behavior, economic system types, networks, and firms can be connected. Industries including commercial and financial industries, communication industries, transportation industries, social and medical services, building and construction industries, and agriculture can be connected. Economic activities including consumption, distribution and exchange, and production can be connected.

Education

Schools including higher education, secondary education, and primary education can be connected. Educational organization including administration, faculty, students, and course material can be connected. Cultural institutions including performance venues, libraries, and museums can be connected. Teaching can be connected. Research can be connected.

Families

Particular families can be connected. Kinship can be connected. Parenting can be connected. Marriage can be connected.

Culture

Behavioral culture

Cultural events including holidays, disasters, gatherings, and other events can be connected. Recreation and entertainment including sports, games, theater, dance, and music can be connected. Occupations including service occupations, industrial occupations, communication occupations, transportation occupations, building-related occupations, and food-related occupations can be connected. Customs including institutional customs, social interaction customs, dress and adornment customs, living and dwelling customs, and vital customs can be connected.

Conceptual culture

Philosophy including philosophical schools and doctrines, special topics, ethics, aesthetics, metaphysics, epistemology, and logic can be connected. Applied science including applied social science, accounting, information science, medical science, navigation, engineering science, and measurement can be connected. Mathematics including statistics, analysis, geometry, algebra, arithmetic, and mathematical foundations can be connected. Literature including particular works, literary types and genres, literary forms, and oral tradition can be connected. Graphic arts including animation, photography, printmaking, painting, and drawing can be connected. Language including languages of the world, writing, and linguistics can be connected.

Material culture including miscellaneous artifacts, communication devices, transportation devices, clothing and dress, foodstuffs, building technology, and industrial technology can be connected.

Other Anthropology

Physical anthropology can be connected to particular groups. It also depends on human geography and on its divisions of Europe, Asia, North America, Africa, South America, and Oceania. Human ecology including the influence of people on the enviroment, relations with other life, and influence of the environment on people is also important. It depends on demography, including birth and fertility, migration, morbidity and mortality, population structure, and population change. It is also connected to social foundations including social group behavior, group types, social control, social interaction, and social presentation.

Personal studies

Connections to biography have not yet been made. Connections to psychology including behavioral elements, mind, behavioral patterns, developmental psychology, mental disorders, personality, and social psychology is not as evident. This depends heavily on the human body. Body systems including structural systems more than vital, reproductive, or control systems get the most attention, but some is given to body functions, disease, life cycle, form, and appearance.

This depends rather heavily on science. Biology including molecular biology, cell biology, and organism biology may be useful. Systematics is useful, not so much for discussion of microbes, protists, plants, or fungi, but for discussion of animals. Human beings can be described using tetrapod biology. Ecology including behavioral eclology, population ecology, community ecology, system ecology, evolution, ecosystems, and biogeography is considered extremely useful as a foundation for physical anthropology. Biohistory is mostly useful for its discussion of the Cenozoic era. Earth science including Geology, Hydrospheric science, atmospheric science, and physical geography is somewhat useful. Geohistory is useful for discussion of the Cenozoic era. Astronomy has limited application to physical anthropology. Cosmology, galactic astronomy, and stellar astronomy have only limited usefulness for this subject. Planetary astronomy is the most useful area of study. Chemistry and physics are only indirectly important.