Anthropology


On this site, anthropology is used to deal with subjects that are common to groups of people rather than individually, and without regard to the particulars of culture, social institutions, or nationality, while societies are dealt with in sociology. This is contrast to the more usual division of studies. Traditionally, anthropology is considered to deal more with whole societies, specifically smaller, traditional societies, while sociology deals more with social psychology and industrial societies. However, this historically based division is rather unnatural and unsatisfactory. As treated on this site, it includes elements of sociology, and subjects such as social foundations, demography, human geography, physical anthropology, human ecology, and particular groups of note.	Sapience Home Site Map About Sapience Particular groups Human geography Human ecology Physical anthropology Demography Social foundations

On this site, anthropology is used to deal with subjects that are common to groups of people rather than individually, and without regard to the particulars of culture, social institutions, or nationality, while societies are dealt with in sociology.

This is contrast to the more usual division of studies. Traditionally, anthropology is considered to deal more with whole societies, specifically smaller, traditional societies, while sociology deals more with social psychology and industrial societies. However, this historically based division is rather unnatural and unsatisfactory. As treated on this site, it includes elements of sociology, and subjects such as social foundations, demography, human geography, physical anthropology, human ecology, and particular groups of note.

Particular groups

This will include groups other than subgroups of one of the major institutions. Those will be included among those institutions.

Human geography

Human geography is divided into particular regions, including Europe, Asia, Africa, North America, South America, and Australia/Oceania.

Human ecology

Human ecology includes detailed discussion of enviornmental effects on humans, relationships with other life forms and the effects of humanity on the earth.

Physical anthropology

Physical anthropology includes studies of human origins and racial variation, and human dispersion.

Demography

Demography includes discussion of population change, population size and structure, death, migration, and birth.

Social foundations

Social foundations includes group behavior, group types, social control, social interaction, and social presentation .


History During prehistory, social foundations and demography, physical anthropology, human ecology, human geography, and particular groups were more or less left to nature. During antiquity, social foundations were mostly left to nature. The practice of taking censuses began to develop. Physical anthropology was noted but little studied, and geography began to develop. A few particular groups can be considered. During classical and medieval times, social foundations were considered by philosophers. Demography advanced only a little, and physical anthropology was considered by philosophers. Human ecology was more or less left to nature, but human geography began to develop. Particular groups can be followed. In modern times, all these subjects began to adopt scientific methods and were studied in considerable detail. Their future is not yet well known. Sociology Peoples of the world, communities, and social structure and change can be applied to particular groups, human geography, human ecology, physical anthropology, demography, and social foundations. Institutions Anthropology can be examined using religion, government, economics, education, and families. Culture Behavioral culture Cultural events such as holidays, gatherings, disasters, and miscellaneous events influence various areas of anthropology. Recreation and entertainment such as sports, games, theater, dance, and music are also important. Occupations such as service occupations which further include institutional services, commercial and business services, sports, recreation, and entertainment, social and medical services, industrial occupations, communication related, transportation related, building related occupations, and food related occupations can be connected. Customs including institutional customs, social interaction customs, dress and adornment customs, living and dwelling customs, and vital customs can be connected. Conceptual culture Philosophy including philosophical schools and doctrines, philosophical topics, ethics, aesthetics, metaphysics, epistemology, and logic can be applied. Applied science is also used. Applied social science, accounting, information and computing science, medical science, navigation, and engineering science can possibly be applied. Measurement applies best. Mathematics is also used, including statistics, possibly some calculus, geometry, algebra, arithmetic, and mathematical foundations. Literature including particular literary works, types and genres, forms of literature, and oral tradition is also applicable to anthropology. Graphic arts including computer graphics, photography, printmaking, painting, and drawing, may also be applicable. Language, including languages of the world and families such as Indo-European, Afro-Asiatic, Asiatic, African, and American Indian languages, writing including ideographic, syllabic, and alphabetic writing, and linguistics with linguistic change, semantics, syntax, word forms, and phonetics is considered an important part of anthropological study. Material culture Miscellaneous artifacts such assculpture, musical instruments, medicines, toys, and weaponry will be useful. Communication technology including written communication, graphic communications, and electronic communications will be useful. Transportation technology including packaging, land transporation, water transportation, air transportation, and space transportation can be considered. Clothing, foodstuffs, buildings, and industrial technology such as miscellaneous technology, utilities, machinery, chemical technology, fuels, and tools will be useful.
Personal studies Biography The contributions of individuals in the biography list so far is rather limited. Jesus Mohammed Newton Buddha Confucius Paul Tsai Lun Gutenberg Columbus Einstein Pasteur Galileo Aristotle Euclid Moses Darwin Shih Huang Ti Augustus Copernicus Lavoisier Constantine Watt Faraday Maxwell Luther Psychology Psychology is also vital to studies of anthropology. Much of anthropology is based on social psychology. Studies of personality are also useful. Mental disorders, development, and behavior patterns are also useful. Mind and processes of emotion, cognition, and volition are also useful. Behavioral elements of sensation, perception, and motor activity are important. Human body Anthropology depends quite heavily on studies of the human body including form and appearance, life cycle with gestation, infancy, childhood, adolesence, adulthood, agind and death, disease, body functions including control functions, reproductive functions, vital functions, and strength and mobility and body systems such as structure, vital, reproductive, and control systems,
Natural science Biology Not all areas of biohistory are equally useful. Recognizably human history belongs entirely to Cenozoic life including the Pliocene, Pleistocene, and Holocene epochs. Areas of ecology including behavioral ecology, population ecology, community ecology, system ecology, evolution, ecosystems, and biogeography all have specifically human applications. There is some connection to systematics. Microbes, protists, plants, and fungi are useful. Animals including sponges and jellyfsh, protostomes, deuterostomes, fishes, and tetrapods are useful to some degree. Organism biology including tissues, organ systems, form, life cycle, and behavior is at a very low level. cell biology and molecular biology are mostly at too low a level of detail to be useful.	Links to other sites: not yet available
Earth science Not all areas of geohistory are equally useful, since human remains are associated with Cenozoic geology, including the Pliocene, Pleistocene, and Holocene epochs. Physical geography including mapping, terrestrial geography down to the level of Eurasia, and parts of oceanic geography are all relevant to the study of anthropology. Atmospheric science including atmospheric structure, meteorology, and climatology is very useful to some parts of it. Hydrospheric science including various aspects of oceanography, glaciology, groundwater, and fresh water are significant. Areas of geology including minerals, rocks, landforms, geologic processes, and interior geology can be applied. Astronomy Astronomy is for the most part not directly useful. Cosmology, galactic astronomy, and stellar astronomy, are subjects for speculation. Solar system astronomy has possible applications. The sun is indirectly connected, but solar planetary systems are more useful especially in a near-earth environment. The Inner planets, more than the gas giants or dwarf planets, are useful. Minor bodies, the interstellar medium, and solar system history are at best indirectly useful. Chemistry Chemistry is for the most part only somewhat significant in anthropology. Chemical systems including organic systems, inorganic systems, gaseous systems, liquid systems, and solid systems can be connected. Chemical changes including nuclear reactions, chemical reactions, and physical changes can be connected. Chemical substances including mixtures, compounds, and elements can be connected. Physics Physics seems to have limited direct use in anthropology. Thermodynamics does not seem to have much direct connection. The structure of matter including exotic matter, common bulk matter, molecular physics, atomic physics, and nuclear physics can be connected. Quantum theory can be connected. Relativity including general relativity and special relativity can be connected. Electromagnetism including optics, magnetism, electric current, and electrostatics can be connected. Thermodynamics including nonclassical thermodyanmics, classical thermodynamics, and statistical mechanics can be connected. Mechanics including gravitation, general mechanics, rigid body mechanics, and particle mechanics seems to have limited use in anthropology.

History

During prehistory, social foundations and demography, physical anthropology, human ecology, human geography, and particular groups were more or less left to nature. During antiquity, social foundations were mostly left to nature. The practice of taking censuses began to develop. Physical anthropology was noted but little studied, and geography began to develop. A few particular groups can be considered. During classical and medieval times, social foundations were considered by philosophers. Demography advanced only a little, and physical anthropology was considered by philosophers. Human ecology was more or less left to nature, but human geography began to develop. Particular groups can be followed. In modern times, all these subjects began to adopt scientific methods and were studied in considerable detail. Their future is not yet well known.

Sociology

Peoples of the world, communities, and social structure and change can be applied to particular groups, human geography, human ecology, physical anthropology, demography, and social foundations.

Institutions

Anthropology can be examined using religion, government, economics, education, and families.

Culture

Behavioral culture

Cultural events such as holidays, gatherings, disasters, and miscellaneous events influence various areas of anthropology. Recreation and entertainment such as sports, games, theater, dance, and music are also important. Occupations such as service occupations which further include institutional services, commercial and business services, sports, recreation, and entertainment, social and medical services, industrial occupations, communication related, transportation related, building related occupations, and food related occupations can be connected. Customs including institutional customs, social interaction customs, dress and adornment customs, living and dwelling customs, and vital customs can be connected.

Conceptual culture

Philosophy including philosophical schools and doctrines, philosophical topics, ethics, aesthetics, metaphysics, epistemology, and logic can be applied.

Applied science is also used. Applied social science, accounting, information and computing science, medical science, navigation, and engineering science can possibly be applied. Measurement applies best.

Mathematics is also used, including statistics, possibly some calculus, geometry, algebra, arithmetic, and mathematical foundations.

Literature including particular literary works, types and genres, forms of literature, and oral tradition is also applicable to anthropology.

Graphic arts including computer graphics, photography, printmaking, painting, and drawing, may also be applicable.

Language, including languages of the world and families such as Indo-European, Afro-Asiatic, Asiatic, African, and American Indian languages, writing including ideographic, syllabic, and alphabetic writing, and linguistics with linguistic change, semantics, syntax, word forms, and phonetics is considered an important part of anthropological study.

Material culture

Miscellaneous artifacts such assculpture, musical instruments, medicines, toys, and weaponry will be useful. Communication technology including written communication, graphic communications, and electronic communications will be useful. Transportation technology including packaging, land transporation, water transportation, air transportation, and space transportation can be considered. Clothing, foodstuffs, buildings, and industrial technology such as miscellaneous technology, utilities, machinery, chemical technology, fuels, and tools will be useful.

Personal studies

Biography

The contributions of individuals in the biography list so far is rather limited.

Psychology

Psychology is also vital to studies of anthropology. Much of anthropology is based on social psychology. Studies of personality are also useful. Mental disorders, development, and behavior patterns are also useful. Mind and processes of emotion, cognition, and volition are also useful. Behavioral elements of sensation, perception, and motor activity are important.

Human body

Anthropology depends quite heavily on studies of the human body including form and appearance, life cycle with gestation, infancy, childhood, adolesence, adulthood, agind and death, disease, body functions including control functions, reproductive functions, vital functions, and strength and mobility and body systems such as structure, vital, reproductive, and control systems,

Natural science

Biology

Not all areas of biohistory are equally useful. Recognizably human history belongs entirely to Cenozoic life including the Pliocene, Pleistocene, and Holocene epochs. Areas of ecology including behavioral ecology, population ecology, community ecology, system ecology, evolution, ecosystems, and biogeography all have specifically human applications. There is some connection to systematics. Microbes, protists, plants, and fungi are useful. Animals including sponges and jellyfsh, protostomes, deuterostomes, fishes, and tetrapods are useful to some degree. Organism biology including tissues, organ systems, form, life cycle, and behavior is at a very low level. cell biology and molecular biology are mostly at too low a level of detail to be useful.

Links to other sites: not yet available

Earth science

Not all areas of geohistory are equally useful, since human remains are associated with Cenozoic geology, including the Pliocene, Pleistocene, and Holocene epochs. Physical geography including mapping, terrestrial geography down to the level of Eurasia, and parts of oceanic geography are all relevant to the study of anthropology. Atmospheric science including atmospheric structure, meteorology, and climatology is very useful to some parts of it. Hydrospheric science including various aspects of oceanography, glaciology, groundwater, and fresh water are significant. Areas of geology including minerals, rocks, landforms, geologic processes, and interior geology can be applied.

Astronomy

Astronomy is for the most part not directly useful. Cosmology, galactic astronomy, and stellar astronomy, are subjects for speculation. Solar system astronomy has possible applications. The sun is indirectly connected, but solar planetary systems are more useful especially in a near-earth environment. The Inner planets, more than the gas giants or dwarf planets, are useful. Minor bodies, the interstellar medium, and solar system history are at best indirectly useful.

Chemistry

Chemistry is for the most part only somewhat significant in anthropology. Chemical systems including organic systems, inorganic systems, gaseous systems, liquid systems, and solid systems can be connected. Chemical changes including nuclear reactions, chemical reactions, and physical changes can be connected. Chemical substances including mixtures, compounds, and elements can be connected.

Physics

Physics seems to have limited direct use in anthropology. Thermodynamics does not seem to have much direct connection. The structure of matter including exotic matter, common bulk matter, molecular physics, atomic physics, and nuclear physics can be connected. Quantum theory can be connected. Relativity including general relativity and special relativity can be connected. Electromagnetism including optics, magnetism, electric current, and electrostatics can be connected. Thermodynamics including nonclassical thermodyanmics, classical thermodynamics, and statistical mechanics can be connected. Mechanics including gravitation, general mechanics, rigid body mechanics, and particle mechanics seems to have limited use in anthropology.

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